Honestly, if America were to lose all but one aircraft carrier within a few years , the Navy would have to take a very hard look at what had gone wrong and make some large changes in ship design. And I think this is essentially what occurred in the TOS era of Trek,
And actually in WWII, where the damaged CV-6 Enterprise (a Yorktown class) was the only operational aircraft carrier in the Pacific Theater by late-1942. The new Essex class design (heavy carrier) was built in large numbers (24) during the war first entering service in 1943. The U.S. also put the new Independence class (light carrier) (9) into service starting in 1943.
In contrast to Star Trek where there is not a war driving force, rather, we want to improve the survivability of a single starship for deep space exploration. Lesson learned (in order of importance):
1. You are going to get hit, so, shields are the most important technology to avoid serious ship damage.
2. You are going to be out-gunned or out-numbered, speed to surprise the enemy or retreat is next.
3. You are going to be in a fire-fight or want to take a position of power, weapons are next.
4. Sensors/Computational analysis provide information for effective tactics and to remove the fog of the situation.
Does the TMP redesign incorporate these lessons? Yep. New shields survive V'GER hit that destroyed all other ships (check). High speed is suggested by new engines/warp drive redesign plus speed record comment in STIII (check). New phaser power is amped up; Photon torpedoes look about the same power but new/more launchers are present (check). Sensors/Computational power didn't impress me to be any more special than the TOS levels.