Nero's ship looked far more advanced than where we think Klingon vessels are by the time of Nero's arrival.
Lower our time frame a little and make it the WWI era. Would the biplane-flying German government of that era be able to repair and fuel and fly a seriously-damaged 767?
I don't think so.
Joe, who doesn't think so
Given 25 years to study it? Not the computers, but the engines and fuel, maybe.
But the larger point is, technological progression isn't a straight line. where any span of 125 years will do. In fact, if we look at the standbys of treknology, there's a good chance all the basic principles would be known already. In both time periods, the primary FTL drive system is warp, the primary sublight drive system is impulse, the primary power source is matter-antimatter annihilation, the primary defensive tech are shields. Sounds like the differences are mostly a matter of engineering, scale, and materials.
Pretty much my thoughts. The basic principles will remain the same. If I drove up to Henry Ford circa 1908 with my 2000 Focus he should have little trouble working on the engine. Sure there's some major changes to engine design (cams instead of push-rods, fuel injection instead of a carbeurator) but if he had 25 years to work on it and figure it out he' should be able to since the fundamentals of car engines hasn't changed greatly over the last 100 years. It's still an anhilation of fuel inside a combustion chamber which moves pistong which turns a cam which turns gears in the transmission.
Technology has a habit of reaching a "stand still" when it reaches a certain point baring a major technological breakthru.
Someone living in 1947 would be scratching his head over looking at a present-day computer as his entire electronics world circles around vaccum tubs. Somone living in 1967 has knowledge of intergrated circuit boards. Stuff we still use today. The basics of computer technology hasn't changed in nearly 40 years. Yes, we've minaturized things more, and we've simplified things and we've managed to "get more out of" it but the basics of it are the same.
The Klingons with their hands on 180-some years advanced technology shouldn't have much trouble reversenegineering things, especailly inside 25 years.
I think we'll just have to assume "something" happened that prevented the Klingons from getting their hands on the Romulan ship. Maybe Nero had a really good Lojack system in it that precluded entry by the Klingons.