Its also impossible for a laser beam to be visible in space
Well, any laser beam at energy levels we're accustomed to.
It's known that photons have mass. In theory, a "dense enough" beam of light might actually self-diffract. You'd be talking about a tremendously intense beam, of course... and the number of photons which would be diffracted out of the beam (making it visible) would be quite low compared to the beam intensity itself... but if you were able to pump enough power into a laser beam, even in a pure vacuum, it could very well be visible due to this effect.
Of course, I don't recall ever seening a "laser" visible in space in Trek anyway. We've seen "phasers" in space... but that's something different, isn't it?
for an explosion to make a sound in a vacuum
Not entirely true. An explosion is what, exactly? Typically, it's conversion from a high-density material into a much lower density material... typically but not necessarily involving the addition of heat as well.
So, if you're in a sudden cloud of expanding gas, you might well hear sound. In fact, the shockwave from an explosion, if it impacted on your ship's hull, would inevitably create an audible effect.
So the explosion will make a sound, for as long as the reaction-product gas is interacting with the object you're inside (shuttle, ship, whatever), if you're close enough to it and if enough gas is released. It'll dissipate very quickly, though, of course.
for there to be a shockwave
Absolutely untrue. It requires a medium, of course, but the medium can easily be part of the shockwave (in the case of a conventional explosion). Again, it'll dissipate more rapidly in space, though... as the medium dissipates along with the shockwave.
Supernovae will destroy their associated solar systems through a shockwave... that's pretty much commonly accepted.
On the other hand, if a "shockwave" is actually being carried in some "ether" -like medium (say, a "subspace shockwave?") then (given that conceit that "subspace" exists and can be used as an ether-like medium... sort of implied with "subspace radio") it's not unreasonable, though it's entirely speculative.
to convert a person to energy with a transporter or disintegrate them with a phaser without a catastrophic release of energy
Well, the "transporter" might work quite well if it were done as shown in TOS, or as "redefined" for TNG for that matter. The issue is that you're not converting the matter into energy and then storing it. In TOS, I got the impression that the matter was converted and instantaneously "transposed"... never "stored." In TNG, they didn't convert it to energy at all, they just broke it down into a "matter stream."
And "disintegrate" doesn't mean "convert from matter into energy" at all. Disintegrate means "take apart," essentially. So a phaser which disintegrates a target may only cause it to be reduced to powder, not converted to energy.
for a starship to do a banking turn
While (with an anti-acceleration field) there's no reason to bank, there's plenty of reason to bank a ship with no such field. It has to do with the blood in the human body... red-outs and black-outs... I'll assume you know this but feel free to check it out if you don't.
There's also the idea that, perhaps, the ship may turn better at impulse along the pitch and roll axes, and (due to the impulse engine being between the nacelles) would be more limited in terms of yaw manueverability. So maybe this is just the most effective means of turning to the side without burning the paint off the nacelles?
and a thousand and one other things Trek has done. It isn't hard sci-fi. Its space opera.
Trek COULD be hard sci-fi. It has, at times, tried to be. It's not "space opera" in the same sense that Star Wars is.
I know that most of my points, above, certainly qualify as "stretching." But the point is, while you're right that most of the things you mention may not seem 100% "technically reasonable," they're not inherently UNREASONABLE.
Spotlights being visible without an atmosphere, on the other hand, is inherently unreasonable, and cannot be explained away even with the most convoluted mental gymnastics.