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Is Starfleet a military organization?

As others have noted, militaries have historically also engaged in exploration and scientific research missions.

Furthermore, nothing about the definition of a military precludes it from having other primary missions that are co-equal with the defense of the state.

So if a military is the agency of the state that is legally charged with defending the state in times of war or violent conflict, may have other missions that are co-equal with state defense, and operates a system of courts-martial for its members; and Starfleet is the agency of the state that is legally charged with defending the state in times of war or violent conflict, and has other missions that are co-equal with that mission, and operates a system of courts-martial for its members -- then Starfleet is a military.



I can't speak to JAXA, the ESA, or the CSA. But:

Re: NASA. Not officially, but that distinction is not entirely relevant in real life. A large percentage of NASA's astronaut corps consist of military officers, especially Navy and Air Force pilots, and many of them retain their commissions even while serving in NASA. NASA also shares many launch facilities with what used to be the Air Force's space division and is now the (*snicker snicker*) United States Space Force. So the division between NASA and the military is somewhat more academic rather than practical.

Roscosmos is a state corporation, but it is descended from the Soviet space program that was literally a military program.

* * *

Meanwhile, I say again: How can Starfleet not be a military when it has courts-martial?
Lots. When the world was not completely explored, it made perfect sense. The US Army, facing a largely unsettled continent, had a whole branch devoted to exploration, surveying and map-making, the Topographical Engineers (folded into the Corps of Engineers during the Civil War). Likewise the French Army, the Ingénieurs Géographes. And navies in the 1800s were heavily involved in exploration, surveys, mapping and even pure research. Both because it had strategic advantages (in a war you want to know what harbors, channels, approaches etc. you can use and chart them so they'll actually be usable) and because they were highly technological organizations and trying to stay on the cutting edge made them better able to do their jobs. And in the industrial age, there was both the need for standing navies (too big and complex to re-build for every war) and the financial structure to fund a peacetime force; using them for exploration etc. was both a good return on investment and provided seagoing experience that could not be gained at anchor on port call after port call.
Yes, again, because only the navy had suitable ships for naval exploration at the time.

Would an organization that merges NASA, the Coast Guard, all kinds of research and expeditionary organizations, HHMI, federal health and cancer centers, all police forces, united disaster relief units, combined firefighter groups, NOAA, USGS, NSF, NIH, and also the military then still be just the military again?

Keeping words like court martial doesn't mean much... they're using many nautical terms, and yet they're not at sea ;)

A quick Google search reveals that the ESA has as many active duty military personnel involved with it as NASA, while the CSA's most famous astronaut (Chris Hadfield) is an active duty military officer, or at least was the last time he was to space. JAXA appears to be the only modern day space agency with no connections to the military at all.
Are they Air Force / Navy officers... or NASA/ESA/CSA officers? If military officers form a Trek fan club, does the club become a military? :p

Pike: It's a peacekeeping and humanitarian armada.
And he was speaking about the Federation, not Starfleet XD

Indeed, the military is still involved in modern exploration, period. The wreck of the Titanic was found during a military funded expedition, after all.
[...]
People somehow managed to accept the Stargate franchise showing personnel from the US Air Force armed with assault rifles and submachine guns dressed in modern combat gear could be peaceful explorers, why is it so hard to accept Starfleet can be both military and peaceful explorers?
Wiki speaks:
The Navy paid for finding two nuclear subs, not the Titanic. They were allowed to search for Titanic after the subs were investigated. Knorr was owned by the Navy, but operated by WHOI and part of the UNOLS fleet.
The SGC is clearly an Air Force installation, the teams wear combat gear and camouflage uniforms, and they carry rifles to each mission. How many SF away teams go explore places with combat gear, battle uniforms, and rifles?

No.

But they also not armed, which is one of the main legal differences between military/law enforcement agencies and civilian agencies.

Which is why Starfleet cannot be a civilian agency as modern space agencies are.
Are regular police and security forces, which are typically armed, not civilian agencies?
 
"You understand what the Federation is, don't you? It's important. It's a peacekeeping and humanitarian armada."
 
All this history has been fascinating, but I think it also shows the problem with the question itself. As has been pointed out, the definition of "military" has changed over time and will most likely continue to do so. But the shows were/are *written* in our time, and therefore subject to the underlying assumptions and culture, including the fact that, for various reasons, exploration and other non-fighting tasks have usually been handled or assisted by a military organization.

Someone mentioned Stargate and that's what really got me thinking. Here and now, if something alien was found, it would be turned over to the military. It's part of how our government and culture are set up. So military personnel, with military and non-military scientists, go through the Stargate. On that score, Stargate is realistic.

I think that honestly makes it very difficult to come up with something far in the future that doesn't look at least a little like the present (and past). Add that to the need to make a TV show with action and adventure so people will actually *watch* it... and we fans get to argue forever. :rolleyes:

I'm not sure the question actually has an answer. Certainly not one that will satisfy everyone. :)
 
Are they Air Force / Navy officers... or NASA/ESA/CSA officers?
They're still Air Force/Navy officers, on detached duty to NASA/ESA/CSA. This gets touched on in The Martian where Jessica Chastain notes that if they turn around back to Mars in violation of NASA's orders, herself and Michael Pena's character (the only two who were military officers) could be court-martialed when they return to Earth.
And he was speaking about the Federation, not Starfleet XD
Immaterial. The script mistakenly had Federation written, but due to the Writer's Strike, they couldn't legally change it to Starfleet. It was either leave the mistake in there, or hold up production until after the strike ended so they could make the correction.
How many SF away teams go explore places with combat gear, battle uniforms, and rifles?
Clearly not enough, given how many regularly get killed on the average away team. Okay, sarcasm aside, all of the away teams we've seen in Disco, at least in the first two seasons had combat gear and battle uniforms,
As has been pointed out, the definition of "military" has changed over time and will most likely continue to do so. But the shows were/are *written* in our time, and therefore subject to the underlying assumptions and culture, including the fact that, for various reasons, exploration and other non-fighting tasks have usually been handled or assisted by a military organization.
I think that honestly makes it very difficult to come up with something far in the future that doesn't look at least a little like the present (and past). Add that to the need to make a TV show with action and adventure so people will actually *watch* it
Indeed, that's the important thing to remember, regardless of when these shows take place, they are made for audiences in the 20th and 21st centuries, and because of that, it needs to present the world in terms they will understand and relate to. Presenting Starfleet as the military in space. Everyone knows what the military is, nothing further needs to be explained. Audience is hooked. Trying to pass Starfleet off as some sort of futuristic quasi-military that isn't military is going to make most people shrug and change the channel. Why watch a show that doesn't give a clear indication of what its characters are part of when there are plenty of other shows to choose from about police departments, fire departments, hospitals, and even a few about the actual military? The Roddenberry of 1960s knew this which is why he Starfleet definitively military in TOS. The Roddenberry of 1980s knew TNG had a built-in audience who would watch it because it was Star Trek, and took that for granted adding in a bunch of ideas that 1960s Roddenberry would have been completely against.

As it is, TNG, DS9, Voyager and Enterprise had a lot of stuff that the TOS Writer's Guide was completely against, but that's a different topic entirely.
 
Would an organization that merges NASA, the Coast Guard, all kinds of research and expeditionary organizations, HHMI, federal health and cancer centers, all police forces, united disaster relief units, combined firefighter groups, NOAA, USGS, NSF, NIH, and also the military then still be just the military again?

Legally, it would be a dual-hatted military and emergency services/law enforcement organization as the USCG already is because those are the components that require a legal mandate to operate.

Are regular police and security forces, which are typically armed, not civilian agencies?

No, they aren't legally, because they have powers and authorities that civilians do not.

However, for the same reason most though not all police forces also aren't military because they lack the additional power and authorities that militaries do (i.e. to fight in wars (for example this is why Germany's GS9 isn't military, but the USCG is)).

Starfleet has both sets of powers and authorities and is therefore legally a military according to the modern definition.
 
No, they aren't legally, because they have powers and authorities that civilians do not.

In US law, police are usually defined as "civilian law enforcement" to distinguish themselves from military law enforcement (MPs and such). I imagine private security forces would be the same. Being "armed" in the United States, and many other countries, doesn't really carry the connotation of militarization.

Police often don't consider themselves civilians, in nomenclature and internal policy, but that appears to conflict with what they are, legally. There's also the matter of several police forces, such as the NYPD recently, fortifying their civilian status in press releases and statements in the wake of those who consider them to have militarized.

It's all a matter of semantics. What words mean. And that's the crux of 90% of all arguments. You consider the police military, but the NYPD Commissioner doesn't. I consider Starfleet to be military, but Starfleet Captain Archer doesn't. Who's right, who's wrong? All of us? None of us? It all depends on who's definition we're using. I suspect we're using different ones.
 
Yes, again, because only the navy had suitable ships for naval exploration at the time.

In much the same way that in the context of the fictional Star Trek Universe, only the military (Starfleet) has the resources necessary for long-range deep space exploration.

Would an organization that merges NASA, the Coast Guard, all kinds of research and expeditionary organizations, HHMI, federal health and cancer centers, all police forces, united disaster relief units, combined firefighter groups, NOAA, USGS, NSF, NIH, and also the military then still be just the military again?

I'm not sure what you mean by "just," but it would be a military, yes. Because, once again, if it is the agency of the state that is legally charged with defending the state in times of war or violent conflict, then it is the military. It may also have co-equal missions, but having that one mission of state defense makes it the military.

Keeping words like court martial doesn't mean much

No, it literally does. See, having a court-martial means that there's a separate set of laws that apply to members of the military, giving the military the right to literally arrest, charge, try, and imprison you if you are a member who disobeys orders. That is incredibly important. If I work at Subway and I disobey my manager's orders, Subway does not have the legal authority to arrest me, charge me with disobeying an order, try me in an internal Subway court, and then imprison me at a Subway prison. If you work as a mid-level software developer at Google, and you disobey your boss, Google doesn't get to arrest you, charge you with disobeying an order, try you in an internal Google court, and imprison you in a Google prison.

That is absolutely one of the most important legal distinctions between a military and a non-military. Civilian employers do not have the right to imprison their employees for disobedience. The military does.

And we have, indeed, seen canonically that Starfleet has the legal authority to arrest its members, charge them with disobedience, try them in Starfleet courts, and imprison them in Starfleet prisons.

Are they Air Force / Navy officers... or NASA/ESA/CSA officers?

As has been noted above, they remain military officers seconded to NASA, and subject to courts-martial by the military service of which they are members if they disobey NASA orders (because they have legally binding orders to obey NASA authorities during the term to which they are seconded to NASA).

The SGC is clearly an Air Force installation, the teams wear combat gear and camouflage uniforms, and they carry rifles to each mission. How many SF away teams go explore places with combat gear, battle uniforms, and rifles?

Every single time we see Starfleet Security officers on an away team/boarding party/landing party pull out a phaser, it's the same thing.
 
Every single time we see Starfleet Security officers on an away team/boarding party/landing party pull out a phaser, it's the same thing.
yep, but sgc is a lot better at getting their personnel back in one piece :razz:
 
Depends on the plot. People die a lot.
uss constalation in the doomesday machine has more casulties than the whole of scg. there's also a vulcan crewed conny (can't remember the episode atm) - the korolev is a russian ship and dead jaffa don't count

edited while @fireproof78 was already replying
 
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that one vulcan crewed conny in the doomesday machine has more casulties than the whole of scg - the korolev is a russian ship and dead jaffa don't count
Wrong episode. I believe the Intrepid, with an all Vulcan crew, was from "The Immunity Factor" no the "Doomsday Machine." A whole planet was destroyed in "Doomsday Machine." Naturally, that will have a higher body count.

Not saying that Star Trek didn't use the random extras of the week liberally, but I can recall SGC personnel dying too.
 
Wrong episode. I believe the Intrepid, with an all Vulcan crew, was from "The Immunity Factor" no the "Doomsday Machine." A whole planet was destroyed in "Doomsday Machine." Naturally, that will have a higher body count.

Not saying that Star Trek didn't use the random extras of the week liberally, but I can recall SGC personnel dying too.
yep - just changed it. the doomesday machine is the uss constellation. if that planet had a population it wouldn't count as they'd be civilians but decker beamed his crew down - so we have 800 dead guys from just two ships.

... and don't even let me start on the dominion war
 
yep - just changed it. the doomesday machine is the uss constellation. if that planet had a population it wouldn't count as they'd be civilians but decker beamed his crew down - so we have 800 dead guys from just two ships.

... and don't even let me start on the dominion war
Ok, I won't.
 
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