I hate to try to give Disney the benefit of the doubt on anything when it comes to Finn in Episode 7, however, I can imagine that they didn't explain why Finn left the First Order because the audience was supposed to grasp that they were evil (I mean they were the evil Galactic Empire in all but name) so therefore, with the seemingly simplistic black-and-white Star Wars worldview-with the First Order being evil, Finn rejected them because of conscience, because deep down he was good
Yes, they did not try to explain anything that would make a lifelong member of the First Order suddenly want to defect. A few, ad only a few--thankfully--have tried to fill in the Grand Canyon-sized gaps of the piss-poor script, but that's trying to deflect and erase the fact that Finn's every action and lack of identity proved he was meant to be a Black Buffoon stereotype from the beginning. He had no developed backstory, no cause of his own, and no recognition of who he was from what should have been his unique identity.
I do wish we had gotten more complexity when it came to the First Order. (I'm not the biggest fan of Star Wars: Resistance, and have only watched Season 1 and the first episode of Season 2, but it seems like Disney is using that cartoon to show us more of the First Order side of things, even though it's too little, too late).
The FO's motives were a simplistic as the political implications and rhetoric of some the people behind the sequel trilogy; no detail, no believable reason behind anything.
Trying to depict moral complexity, ambiguity, has not been a strong point ever for this franchise (not counting books or comics here) it seems.
In truth, we do see moral complexity in OT-Luke: specifically when he is constantly challenged to do things that his soul tells him is not right, such as his decision to temporarily suspend his training to rescue his friends when his moral leaders--Yoda and Kenobi--are telling him to sacrifice them for the greater cause. Later, Luke has moments of anger (goaded by Vader) throughout their duel, which nearly justifies the concerns of his mentors, but as Darth Vader attempts to get Luke to sell his soul to the dark side, Luke displayed a level of maturity well beyond his years by choosing death rather than sell his soul. Its that kind of religious/spiritual warfare between believable, compelling personalities--and which side had the stronger pull--that elevated the OT beyond the common sci-fi film and made it legendary (it certainly was not space battles). that has been lost ever since, with the ST being a hollowed out, "in name only" assemblage of SW trappings with no more substance than a video game.
I would put even Lucas going back and changing that Han shot first in that as well. It was like Lucas couldn't hold in his head, or wanted kids who were watching to, that sometimes heroes could do bad things.
Lucas seemed to forget that in his original intention / scripting / filming of Han shooting first, Solo was presented as ruthless, while his refusal to help the Rebellion (as he's loading his reward) continued to prove how self-centered he was, which made his sudden reappearance during the Death Star trench run the gasp-inducing surprise/payoff it was meant to be, pre-SE. It told the audience that he was a hero after all--something successfully built on in TESB as he--and Chewbacca--sacrificed time and again for friends and the greater conflict.
You are right that we don't get why Finn broke from the First Order. Why did his conditioning break at just that moment? It can now be explained or retconned away as The Force was guiding him, but we should've gotten more answers much earlier in the sequels, and beyond just that some soldiers need reconditioning.
...and frankly, if some ancillary product (like a comic or novel) ever suggests he ran thanks to some bigger picture from/or the force, those publications can be tossed in the fire as ridiculous and as much an afterthought as JJA's blurting that force sensitivity notion in a recent interview.
And we don't see Finn spending much time wondering about any of that. He's fully into running away when he's not fixated on Rey.
We also don't see Finn going on his own search for identity. He just wants to run, but why not try to find his family? Not sure how young he was when he was taken but I wonder if he was old enough to remember any of them, or where he was taken from. Or if he would try to find out. But those things didn't matter to Disney ultimately, because Finn doesn't really matter.
All because Finn was never written to have a core, unique identity. His life was informed by Reay (first), then running and tripping for no apparent reason. The SW-PTB never cared to develop him at all, hence the very reason his "plots" (if you can call them that) in each ST film mean absolutely nothing to the main story. If you edited Finn out of the films, or gave his so-called part to another character, no one would miss him at all, or feel a vital part of the puzzle is missing.
His piece of a puzzle was not created for SW, but a terrible, racially explosive short subject from 1930.
Lucas had to connect the dots and show how some beloved original trilogy characters got their start, whereas Disney had the challenge of taking the story to another level, and they mostly decided to just tread water instead.
...or just drape a pointless set of sequels in Star Wars trappings like a tawdry Disney park ride, lacking any sense of the grand myth and spiritualist heart that defined the OT at its best.
OK, so let's break it down: -
Act 1: Finn only cares about Rey, doesn't buy into the cause and wants to run away (again!.)
Act 2: Finn sees some slaves and animals mistreated and gets a 2 min lecture on socioeconomics from Rose.
Act 3: Finn takes that on board and decides to kamikaze a deathray...but is stopped because hate is bad and a weirdly timed kiss before she croaks...but she's not actually dead and they all run away THE END!
If only Finn's plotless plot was as coherent as you've presented it.