It was actually pretty ballsy of Archer to blow those poor bastards into space. But then he turns right around and tells T'Pol that he's going to bend over backwards to save the nine life-forms (or is it twenty-nine lifeforms? T'Pol keeps changing the number) on the arctic shuttle.
When Enterprise first encountered the Borgified transport, Archer asked T'Pol how many HUMAN bio-signs were on board: she reported there were nine. Later, she made it clear there were twenty-nine TOTAL bio-signs on the transport (the humans plus the Tarkaleans, plus any other poor souls the Borg had run across).
Trip shows Archer the schematic of the enhanced artic shuttle, pointing out the new weapons nodes. Seconds later, Archer worriedly tells Trip, Let's hope they didn't have time to upgrade their weapons!?
Trip was briefing Archer on the scans they took of the Transport during their first firefight. These scans were already out-of-date as the Borg were continuing to upgrade their ship with technology from the Tarkalean vessel. Maybe the line would've been clearer if Archer had said: "Let's hope they didn't have time to upgrade their weapons...
since we last saw them."
And why was the Enterprise so close to Earth? Despite Reed's observation that, "We're a long way from the Artic," Trip announces that the Borg on the arctic shuttle have doubled their maximum Warp speed in "less than twelve hours."
Trip was referring to the twelve hours since Enterprise's first encounter with the Borg, not the time since the Borg had left Earth. We kept Enterprise's position deliberately vague. We also never said how long it had been since the transport left Earth. Conceivably, the events in the Arctic could've been weeks or months earlier.
As for the "doubling" of their speed: the Borg left Earth orbit at warp 3.9 (59c on the TOS scale). When they carved up the Tarkalean ship, they took a number of engine components and enhanced their warp drive again, allowing them to reach warp 4.8 (111c). Okay, it's not exactly double... Trip rounded up.