If it's your head canon that those women turned from pampered dwellers in a safe underground city to happy capable cave women, I am fine with that. But it's not mine.
If we're talking short-term quick adaptation, then probably yes. Long term remains to be seen, after all, as H. Sapiens we'd have to go about a thousand times longer than we've existed already to actually prove that. Our very adaptation skills may prove to be our downfall (e,g, pollution to such a degree the greenhouse effect cannot be stopped anymore). Also, I doubt humanity would have survived the consequences of that impact that supposedly killed off the dinosaurs. Perhaps we could, perhaps we couldn't , but our mammal ancestors that survived were very different from us today (most notably, a lot smaller).
If it happened today, same size of rock and everything, some humans would survive the aftermath. But not very many.