Technology is not linnear. You can't compare a ship from 1900 and a ship from 2000 to 23 and 24th century. Their tech didn't seem to advance too much. There must have been massive refitting done on that vessel
You have to keep in mind that numerous situations happened between TNG and VOY for example that prompted more advanced technologies in the late 24th century and post Nemesis era.
For one thing: Borg incursions.
For the second: The Dominion War.
Heck, even in Yesterday's Enterprise it was implied that if the 'D' outfitted the 'C' with their own more advanced technology, they would have won against 3 Romulan Warbirds of that time.
Also ... Voyager brought back technologies from 26 years into the future.
Even in the future, those anti-Borg techs had a devastating effect on the attacking ships (such as the Klingons for example that could not penetrate the deployed hull armor on Janeway's shuttle).
Transphasic torpedoes had a crippling blow on a cube (1 or 2 torpedoes) which had most likely far larger yields compared to type 6 photons Voyager had).
If the Feds alone were able to come up with that, the Remans (a slave species of the Romulans) created the Scimitar, which had much more powerful weapons, shields and an improved cloack which did not leave off any trail.
Nero's mining ship was a very large one, and it had to have weapon based systems to crack very hard materials in some situations (plus given it's size, they'd have those missiles in abundance which would still be late 24th century tech), but it still suffered damage when under dirrect assault even from century outdated weapons because it was still a mining ship and not a warship (which explains the damage it took from the Kelvin ramming into it and preventing Nero from destroying the shuttles).