What is canonical is First Contact, Enterprise and Deep Space Nine, which is where I got said information. From what is stated in text in Awakening the ancestors of the Romulans were on Vulcan during the Time of Awakening
As for your narrative about Vulcan being an interstellar power tens of thousands of years ago, it begs more questions than it answers. First and foremost of which is "Why is Earth not a Vulcan Colony?" As for other offshoots, we know that there were dissenters from Surak's teachings (some were seen in Fusion).
Zor
Here are other examples of former interstellar powers that Earth is not presently ruled by:
According to "The Last Outpost" in the first season of TNG 600,000 years ago the Tkon Empire had a population of trillions and could move stars. The empire ended when the central star became a supernova. That would have destroyed all the planets orbiting the central star. Radiation from the supernova would eventually reach neighboring star systems and might wipe out all life on their planets too.
People living in outer solar systems of the empire would have been unharmed by the supernova. But apparently the Tkon Empire was very highly centralized and the outer planets collapsed into barbarism and lost space flight capabilities.
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Tkon_Empire[1]
According to "Contagion" in the second season of TNG the ancient Iconians presumably discovered warp drive and used it for centuries and millennia before developing their superior gateway technology to travel instantly between worlds, even across the galaxy. The enemies of the Iconians destroyed their home world Iconia with an orbital bombardment 200,000 years ago.
Thus the Iconians presumably had warp drive before developing a superior technology and abandoning warp drive. Then Iconia was bombarded and the Iconians either became extinct, and thus totally without warp drive, or escaped and lost all memory of both warp drive and gateway technology and all memory of their history on Iconia.
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Iconian[2]
The episode "Booby Trap" in the third season of TNG mentioned the ancient war between the Menthars and the Promelians during Earth's 14th century. Both species had warp drive until the war, which seems to have been one of extermination. Apparently the last members of both species exterminated each other in the final battle at Orelious IX.
So the Menthars and the Promelians both had warp drive until they were extinct, and then they really, really did not have warp drive any more.
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Menthar[3]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Promellian[4]
IN the episode "Ensign Ro" in the fifth season of TNG the Bajorans are introduced.
When Picard visits a Bajoran resettlement camp his log says:
> Captain's log, supplemental. I read about the achievements of the ancient Bajoran civilisation in my fifth grade reader. They were architects and artists, builders and philosophers when humans were not yet standing erect. Now I see how history has rewarded them.
The ancient Bajoran civilization must have been very ancient.
As far as I know all members of the genus *Homo* walked erect, including *Homo sapiens* (c. 200,000 years ago to present), *Homo rhodesiensis* (300,000 to 120,000 years ago), *Homo heidelbergensis* (600,000 to 300,000 years ago), *Homo ergaster* (1,800,000 to 1,300,000 years ago), *Homo erectus* (1,900,000 to 70,000 years ago), and *Homo habilis* (2,100,000 to 1,500,000 years ago).
According to this article, many earlier species were partially bipedal, but *Homo erectus* 1,890,000 years ago was the first full time bipedal human ancestor.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/scie...an-the-evolution-of-walking-upright-13837658/[5]
So depending on how broad or narrow one's definition of "humans" is, Bajorans could have been civilized 200,000 to 1,800,000 years ago at the latest and possibly many thousands or millions of years before that.
But the present Bajoran civilization is much younger, going back at most tens of thousands of years.
In the episode "Rapture" in the fifth season of DS9, a 20,000-year-old painting is the only proof that the legendary lost city of B'hala ever existed. Oral stories and legends about B'hala may have been written down centuries or millennia later, but there are no surviving records contemporary with the occupation of the city except for the painting.
This strongly suggests that the era of B'hala was more or less the equivalent of ancient Sumeria or Old Kingdom Egypt in the history of the current Bajoran Civilization. The present Bajoran religion involves worshipping the Prophets who sent the Orbs to Bajor over the last last 10,000 years.
Thus it seems obvious to me that Bajor was civilized hundreds of thousands or millions of years ago, and that civilization fell, and the present Bajoran civilization arose merely tens of thousands of years ago.
But how could Bajoran artifacts and ruins survive on the surface of a planet with weather for hundreds of thousands or millions of years?
My theory is that modern Bajoran, Cardassian, and Federation archaeologists have found the remains of ancient Bajoran spaceships, space stations, space colonies, etc. in the Bajoran system and thus learned of the lost ancient Bajoran civilization.
And if the ancient Bajoran civilization was advanced enough to have interplanetary space travel, it could easily have been advanced enough to have discovered warp drive and left remains of it's activities in nearby solar systems, including the Cardassian system, thus giving Cardassians an inferiority complex and making them want to conquer Bajor.
Thus I think that the Bajorans were probably another society that once had warp drive and later lost it.
[1]:
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Tkon_Empire
[2]:
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Iconian
[3]:
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Menthar
[4]:
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Promellian
[5]:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/scie...an-the-evolution-of-walking-upright-13837658/
These examples make me think that the ancient Vulcans could have had an ancient space empire without Earth being ruled by the Vulcans at the present.