One change-slipstream drive! 

Site-to-site transporters: no longer needed a transporter room to beam within the ship.
Medical transporters: Bashir used one in DS9's "The Passenger".
NEM personal transporter.
For some reason, The Federation isn't or won't make use of cloning, like using it to make needed body parts.
Picard has a mechanical heart. Geordi has artificial eyes. Nog has a mechanical leg (I think).
Apparently at that point, cloning wasn't considered a hard thing to do. It was already done several times already.
For Enterprise we should have had ships with high-powered lasers and possibly some sort of early particle beams, and nuclear weapons instead of photonic weapons, and no ship-to-ship visual communication *except* for between other Earth ships and ships of races that Earth had already contacted, so they new how to get both ship's computers to talk to each other....
And they didn't put a brig in until season 3, when they were deliberately refitted for a combat mission. I don't see a problem there.and Enterprise should have been too cramped for a brig.*
Well, yes, of course -- TVH was the first time it had ever been done. But Scotty was around for about a decade after that, during which time it would've presumably become a more standardized practice.and that they could now re-crystalize dilithium while it was still inside the articulation frame of (an active-looking warp core - though how Scotty was able to just pull the crystals out while it was running and not make a bog explosion was beyond me) - but in Scotty's time, during the events of "The Voyage Home", it seemed like re-crystalizing dilithium crystals was something rarely done at all.
But they're not smaller. "Power Play" said the Daedalus class had a crew complement of 229, while NX-01 had only 83 people aboard.And maybe those smaller Daedelus-class hulls had NO extra room for brigs to take on prisoners.
Sounds silly, but it's not entirely a crazy idea -- some scientists say they don't know how the Egyptian pyramids were actually built, or if we could do the achieve the same thing today if we tried.
At least that's the story.
EDIT: Re cybernetics, were any of the sentient androids in TOS Federation-made though? Maybe Data was special because he was the first of his kind by the UFP or by comparable powers? Maybe also his positronic brain was especially impressive, even if his skin-tone wasn't an exact match or his personality as indistinguishable.
Though I would like to know if "beam them directly to sickbay!" never being used in TOS was because of a deliberate constraint in the writer's guide, or that the writers just never got the idea to use the transporter in that way during TOS ...
...how could a transporter dematerialize itself and still be able to function?
"Return to Tomorrow" did show the Enterprise crew building androids based on instructions from Sargon and Thalassa, but evidently they failed to get some vital piece of information about how to make them work.
...how could a transporter dematerialize itself and still be able to function?
But should it remain able to function? For all we know, transporting is 100% done once the subject is "phased", and nothing further is required of the machinery in the following few seconds where the subject travels to destination and then bobs back to the non-phased realm. And on top of that, possibly phasing is done well before the subject is completely phased, involving only an initial "seed" action (much like a phaser hit that moves the victim to oblivion), and the machinery can then relax and let itself be englobed by the effect as well.
Site-to-site transporters: no longer needed a transporter room to beam within the ship.
Medical transporters: Bashir used one in DS9's "The Passenger".
NEM personal transporter.
JANEWAY: It was a very different time, Mister Kim. ...Even the technology we take for granted was still in its early stages. No plasma weapons, no multiphasic shields. Their ships were half as fast.
KIM: No replicators, no holodecks...
Standard shuttles seamed to become more autonomous as well - like mini-starships, with superior engines, power-cores, weapons, transporters.
So while the knowledge of how to build android bodies could've been available to 23rd-century roboticists, the missing element was the mind. Artificial sentience is a rarity in the Trek universe, and when it is achieved, it is frequently unstable.
Artificial sentience is a rarity in the Trek universe, and when it is achieved, it is frequently unstable.
News flash: Naturally evolved sentience, where ever it is found, is frequently unstable.
They discovered very quickly that it would be possible for the ship to go too fast, removing many qualities of the vastness of space (including territorial or galactic borders) and diluting the dramatic sense of urgency. Hence, the warp curve was conceived with an upper limit that could only be broken with proper explanation within a given story.
23rd-24th century improvements:
Speed: 1701 Max normal cruising= Warp 6, or about 500 times the speed of light... 1701-D normal cruising=9.2, or about 1200 times the speed of light (warp factors represent orders of magnitude of light speed.) In short, Picard could cruise along at least twice as fast as Kirk could.
If you're looking for caveats and ways around something, you'll find them. Oh we can see a cloaked ship now; oh now we can't.
Oh there's a Federation genetic engineering center; oh it's been illegal to the public since 1996.
(I'm more than willing to choose to forget "faster than light; no left or right" though, which would survive a writer's meeting less time than an ST09 trip from Earth to Vulcan.)
EDIT: Re not being able to see the baddie on the viewscreen being a 1960's concept that's just too much for 2010's viewers, 1) there weren't any iPhones in 12 Years a Slave either yet somehow people still bought the movie. You could do an alternate-reality version of it with iPhones that would introduce new storytelling possibilities and make for also a great movie, but that doesn't mean the original would be any less watchable;
2) this is how phase-pistols and "Polarized-hull-plating at 60%!" happen. The pre-TOS era, regardless that ENT happened, could have been vastly different and still pretty freaking amazing. Canon isn't always an improvement; it's what we have to deal with. And those in charge choose to reinterpret and change it whenever they like.
Though I would like to know if "beam them directly to sickbay!" never being used in TOS was because of a deliberate constraint in the writer's guide, or that the writers just never got the idea to use the transporter in that way during TOS ...
"Day of the Dove" established that using a transporter to beam somewhere inside the ship itself was dangerous; they weren't designed to work that way. Before then, it was just a given that transporters were for beaming to and from the ship, not within the ship. "Dove" had to come up with intraship beaming before TNG could refine the idea into beaming someone up from a planet and forwarding the signal directly to some other part of the ship.
Heck, before TOS, the usual assumption in science fiction was that teleportation would have to be station-to-station -- there would have to be a teleport device at both the sending and receiving ends. The idea of a teleporter that could send someone to any location, or (even more incredibly) dematerialize them remotely and pull them in from any location, was pretty rare. So if having a transporter platform at only one end of the beaming process was a novel idea, they couldn't have been expected to jump right to the idea of having a platform at neither end.
Additionally, in The Cloud Minders Kirk orders the High Adviser beamed directly from Stratos to the cave on the planet below. Beaming directly here still involved the High Adviser to first materialize on the Enterprise, then be re-transported to the planet's surface.
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