Technically, the entire "Trial of a Time Lord" season took place on a single space station, since all its stories set elsewhere were video evidence in the trial. But that's really splitting hairs.
Edit - all four stories of season twenty-six were set on Earth, but the Doctor wasn't actually restricted to one time and place. The stories took place in the 1990s, 1940s, 1883 and contemporarily (1989).
Well, much of that last one ("Survival") took place on an alien planet, the one to which the missing people were being taken.
Nearly all of the 5th season, all except the first and last serials, was Earthbound, though in different time periods. In Victoria's whole tenure as a companion, she was only offworld twice, briefly on Skaro and then on Telos, followed by five consecutive Earthbound stories. By her last story, "Fury from the Deep," Victoria was actually complaining that they always seemed to land on Earth -- and Jamie chimed in that it was always England too, although that was an exaggeration ("The Abominable Snowmen" was in Tibet and "The Enemy of the World" had the TARDIS land in Australia).
I don't have any particular interest in seeing a whole season set in one place and time. That's what the spinoffs were for. If anything, I'd like the show to go in the other direction. The Moffat-era companions have all been merely commuters in the TARDIS rather than full-time occupants -- they go off on the occasional adventure with the Doctor and then go back to their everyday lives for weeks or months, sometimes years, before he drops by again. I miss the old-school companion experience where it was a total commitment, either involuntarily or by choice -- where the companion lived aboard the TARDIS and trips back home were infrequent, if ever. Even the RTD-era companions only dropped in on their homes and families a few times a season, and the separation meant something to their families. Moffat has it so the Doctor gets them back home right after they left, so nobody even knows they were gone. I think that's making it too convenient, too casual.