Didn't the Constellation, near where the 3rd or 4th planet would have been have it's disaster beacon on and the Enterprise picked it up and spotted it with sensors as it entered the limits of the star system they were searching? It seemed pretty reasonable that the Enterprise was still at warp when entering the system and when making final approach to the Constellation given how quickly they crossed the distance.
The better reason why the E-D did't realize that there is a mess of destroyed ships in front of them was probably because they didn't know where to look with the short time they had to scan the area on warp approach.
The TOS Enterprise had no problem checking out planets and outposts while at minutes away high warp but spotting errant ships and/or people required knowing where to look.
ST:XI is a little different in that the carnage literally was right in the Enterprise's path which in TOS the ship usually would alert the crew and automatically raise shields well before they ran into it![]()
Exactly, it is silly to suggest that 24th century health and safety obsessed Federation would have less efficient technology than 21st century aerolplanes.
I'm sure every second did count when they reached Vulcan, which is why they wasted no time rescuing Federation citizens from the surface... oh wait...