^I think my point is that those hunter-gatherers would be used to the idea that there's a lot of stuff in the world around them that's vastly beyond their power to control or comprehend, so having much of their band killed off by industrialized warfare wouldn't affect them significantly differently on a psychological level than having much of their band killed off by a flood or a disease. They'd pretty much chalk it all up to the action of forces beyond their control, and they'd be accustomed to accepting such forces as part of their reality.
For us, in the industrialized world, we can't easily comprehend the idea of a political or technological power being so completely beyond us, but we're still used to the idea that natural disasters are simply "acts of God" -- i.e. phenomena so immensely beyond our level of power that there's nothing we can do but try to anticipate, take precautions, run away if necessary, and then clean up afterward. That's why it's better to think of something like the Borg or Caeliar or Organians or Q as a force of nature rather than a political power, an "enemy" or an ally. Forces of nature are the only analogy that we industrialized peoples have left for the concept of something so completely beyond our power.
But the federation is much like us: they have - had - confidnce in their abilities. They've encountered superbeings before and always managed to participate meaningfully in the exchanges with them.
Nonsense. There was no "meaningful participation" in the Federation's interactions with the Organians. The Federation tried to treat the Organians like pawns to be manipulated in their conflict with the Klingons, and then the Organians made their extradimensional nature clear and put a stop the war. The Federation was rendered utterly helpless by them.
The Federation has interacted with the Q as anything other than helpless bystanders subject to the Q's whims exactly
once, when a Q outfitted the
U.S.S. Voyager with technology to allow it to enter the Q Continuum and somehow operate Q weaponry. Every other time the Federation has interacted with the Q, they've been completely subject to the Q's whims -- and even then, they could only operate Q weaponry and enter the Q Continuum with Q help; had such help been withdrawn, they would have been rendered powerless.
Metrons? Kirk had to fight like the Metrons made them, and only by persuading the Metrons of their own decency did he get out.
The Prophets? Benjamin Sisko had to beseech them to behave like the gods the Bajorans view them as to protect the Federation from the Dominion -- and then the Prophets turned around and forced Federation citizens aboard Deep Space 9 to participate in their conflict with the Pagh-Wraiths in exchange for their help.
Trelane? Kirk and Company had to emotionally manipulate him to prevent him from harming them until his parents came back.
In
every interaction the Federation has had with extradimensional entities, the Federation has only survived at the whim of those entities. They've never "participated meaningfully" in those "exchanges;" they've simply endured them.
Until now: the Caeliar proved to be so far beyond the federation so as to negate any possibility for humans to act on something resembling their level.
Big deal -- that's happened many times before to the Federation. It's not going to fundamentally change Federation values to suddenly realize that they're not the biggest boys on the playground, because they've
always known that.
It seems to me that this would lead to a loss of confidence in one's own forces, to pessimism, no longer 'boldly' go for fear of encountering something like that, rather staying home where at least the federation can claim to matter.
Only if you're already a pessimistic person who never really believed in Federation values before -- and who never really accepted the idea that the Federation is not the most powerful entity out there. Really, that's what your argument boils down to: That Federation society would fundamentally change upon realizing that the UFP is not always the most powerful entity out there. That suggests a fundamental, preexisting immaturity on the Federation's part that I don't think it has.
Until now, the federation viewed the superbeings it encountered as aliens - it didn't feel insignificant by comparison; from now on, the federation may well view them as gods - to be worshipped or feared.
Why? They're
not gods and the Federation knows that. Hell, the Federation knows that its officers essentially had to talk them into stopping the Borg the same way they would talk any other reluctant political actor into something. They know they're not gods, they're just people with powerful technology that the Federation does not yet possess. Is it impressive? Certainly. Is the Federation grateful to the Caeliar? Of course. Will the Federation investigate the Caeliar to see if there is any way of neutralizing any hypothetical threat the Caeliar might hypothetically pose? Probably, and they'll probably discover there's nothing they can do to them. And will the Federation worship the Caeliar? No, because they still only view them as people.