The dialogue in "Obsession" specifically says, twice, that the creature attacked the Farragut -- the ship, not just the crew. So despite what the Shatnerverse novel portrayed, it's probable the incident was in space.
Actually the book says it attacked the ship and they evacuated down to the planet to get away from it and then it followed them down.
the "angered" cloud leaps up to orbit and supposedly devours all of the explicated 200 crew, including Garrovick.
Actually It does something that causes a warp core breach then goes back to eat everyone on the planet.
You're not quite remembering it right. I've remembered now, it's depicted as a training simulation in
The Ashes of Eden, the first novel by William Shatner and Judith & Garfield Reeves-Stevens. I should've known, because I remembered seeing it illustrated in the graphic-novel adaptation of that book. In the simulation, they're on the planet surface when the creature attacks, and this time Kirk doesn't hesitate and immediately calls up and orders the ship to fire on the creature from orbit, after which the creature goes into space and blows up the
Farragut in retaliation. That outcome of the simulation proves that Kirk was actually right to hesitate the first time, because that spared the ship from bearing the brunt of the creature's attack. Evidently in reality, in this version, the creature never attacked the ship because Kirk's hesitation meant the ship's phaser barrage missed.
I'm not sure how well that tracks with the details stated in the episode, though, since the dialogue says it did attack the ship, and it's hard to imagine why half the crew would be on the planet surface.
An alternative version of the
Farragut incident is presented in the DC graphic novel
Debt of Honor by Chris Claremont and Adam Hughes. The flashback begins the day after the attack, but says that the ship itself was attacked out of nowhere by an unknown force that killed the captain and a third of the crew (although the events of the flashback lead to considerably more casualties and the destruction of the
Farragut's engineering hull, with Kirk and the rest escaping in the saucer).