I mostly agree with
T'Girl.
The central issue here is how you define "escape pod" and "shuttlecraft", in any era of TREK.
We know that a presumably standard compliment of four shuttlecraft are typically in-service aboard Constitution-class starships during TOS. ("The Omega Glory")
KIRK: What about the shuttlecraft?
GALLOWAY (on intercom channel): Galloway on the hangar deck, sir. All four of the craft are still here. If they left, they didn't leave that way.
But is this really definitive? It doesn't seem to rule out the possibility that the components used to make up multiple shuttle crafts could be kept in storage in a disassembled state. Shuttlecraft in TOS always looked like kit-vehicles to me; plenty of seams and parts and modules all snapped together. I could just see the bellypans of Class Fs all stacked together in a storage hold, roofs and nacelles piled together the same, so that if additional shuttlecrafts were ever needed, the crew could assemble them. As for how much time and power that would take to activate a fleet of them, well...
Suffice it to say that Galloway expected to find only four operational shuttlecraft available on the hangar deck. That doesn't mean that other additional shuttlecraft couldn't be made operational, given enough time, personnel and energy.
Having said that, it seems peculiar that, even in the TOS era, that an "escape pod" or "lifeboat" would not have sufficient ability to "escape".
If we assume that there are such detachable pods in use aboard Federation starships (and/or other deep space vessels), and that such pods are capable of landing on nearby planets, and most importantly, that such pods rely on a system of power that would not drain on the mothership's power in a time of emergency, then why can't there be such pods with limited warp capability? Consider this:
"The Menagerie, Part I":
COMPUTER: Library computer.
SPOCK: Lock on to sensors. Measure object now following the Enterprise.
COMPUTER: Computed. Object is a Class F shuttlecraft. Duranium metal shell, ion engine power...
SPOCK: Stop. How long before shuttlecraft's fuel supply forces return to star base?
COMPUTER: Computed. Shuttlecraft is already past point of safe return.
While it is by no means clear that Federation starships in the TOS era used embedded escape pods in time of emergency (the crew of the Starship Constellation didn't use any before they died; and Franz Joseph Schnaubelt never saw fit to mention any such pods in his schematics from the 1970s), it does appear that if they did use prefabbed, flight-ready escape pods, there was a means of powering them with at least limited warp capability. (If an ion-powered Class F shuttlecraft can manage at least minimal warp speeds, why couldn't an escape pod?)
(NOTE: it would seem ideal for shuttlecraft and/or escape pods to use power technology different from that of a starship's matter-antimatter system, as these small crafts would be expected to make planetfall on a regular basis.)
If you would've asked me about this in the 1970s, I would've said "The primary hull of a starship is its lifeboat. It can detach and land, right?" I would imagine even the Reliant, prior to being commandeered and put into combat, could jettison her nacelles and land. Much of this would be suggested or otherwise indirectly inferred by "The Apple", the 1975 Tech Manual or the Star Fleet Officer's Manual.
Having said all that, there's nothing in TOS or TAS or TMP to categorically rule out the notion of escape pods. We just never heard them mentioned, just as we never heard anyone mention the handy option of using shuttlecraft in "The Enemy Within" and the notion was not seen until "The Menagerie, Part I", and "The Galileo Seven" afterwards.
One thing has to be kept in mind: Federation starships are "built Ford tough". They have a nasty habit of coming back from the dead, with a little bit of coaxing from a ballsy, half-wit captain and a can-do engineer. The Constellation was thought to be a "dead hulk", but Scotty and Kirk managed to get her underway, engage briefly in combat, raise her shields and ultimately use her as a flying bomb to kill the otherwise unstoppable Planet Killer machine. I would expect that starships are designed and built to allow their crews to survive a host of disaster scenarios, even if the ship is disabled.
The Constellation is the case-in-point again. Kirk would not tell Commodore Decker "we'll take her in tow" and offer to "stay on-board and get her ready" unless he saw something in the wreck that could be salvaged. Even if Constellation's warp drive was dismissed as "a hopeless pile o' junk", this doesn't dismiss the possibility that Constellation (under better circumstances) could be towed out of the asteroid field, given basic minimal repairs, and equipped with a minimal warp engine rig to allow her to retreat to the nearest port for either recycling or refit-for-service.
I say this because, even if a starship is "stopped in space" far from a home port or other safe haven, her normal operations ceased, that doesn't mean "game over" for the crew. They have shuttlecraft and photon torpedoes on board. Even if the ship is left with minimal power and capabilities, I do not see what is to stop a ship's crew from finding a way to at least restore partial capacities to escape being adrift and doomed. Let's assume that escape pods/lifeboats are essentially ion-powered shuttlecraft, embedded in the ship's hull, for emergency escape purposes only. There's one means of (probably low-warp) escape if necessary. But if the starship's main nacelles are too battered to make it back to port, this doesn't mean the crew has to eject in escape pods. Even assuming the secondary hull and nacelles cannot be restored without a space dock, I don't see what there would be to stop a crew (assuming enough time and personnel) of a Constitution-class ship from salvaging enough components from the secondary hull and nacelles to build a small pair of provisional nacelles so the saucer ("lifeboat") could be detached and make it to a home port or a nearby habitable world at minimal warp. Of course, if the saucer herself is also damaged, then the lifeboat notion may be out the window as well. Still, if the starship has enough shuttlecraft (or kits of same) and/or escape pods intact, then they become the "lifeboat".
I would say that the lack of mention of escape pods in "The Doomsday Machine" and "The Omega Glory" is conspicuous, though. There were two major opportunities to use such pods, and there was never any mention of them (or the shuttlecraft) being applied at all.
As for all the discussion thus far about the Battle of Wolf 359. We only see fragmentary indications of what actually happened. In "The Best of Both Worlds, Part II", we see a relatively calm but busy Admiral Hansen field-promoting Riker to captain. At that time, he bragged that he has assembled a fleet of 40 starships. We know from part I, Hansen was already amassing his squadron at Wolfe 359. He also brags that "the Klingons are sending warships... we've even considered opening communications with the Romulans!" LaForge tells the admiral that the Enterprise is expected to be restored in 8 to 12 hours. Note that this is before Hansen even sees the Borg coming.
In the next teleconference, we see a rattled Admiral Hansen saying "the fight does not get well, Enterprise. We're attempting to withdraw and regroup. Rendezvous with Fleet..." and then he is cut-off.
"The Best of Both Worlds", parts I and II, is fragmented and a little confusing. There is the suggestion, not clearly confirmed, that, from the time Picard orders an escape from the Poulson Nebula to the time the Borg are stopped at Earth, is less than a day. But in part I, Hansen clearly warns Picard that "the nearest help is six days away". This suggests that the travel time at Warp 9.6 from the environs of Jouret IV/New Providence to Earth is six days. So take your pick. There are indications aplenty either way: either Earth and "one of the Federation's outer-most colonies" are six days apart at maximum warp, or maybe only a day or so. Continuity has as many holes as the Albert Hall from where I sit.
In DEEP SPACE NINE's "The Emissary", we see the Starship Saratoga and a few other ships, including a Nebula-class vessel, an Oberth-class and an Excelsior-class, exchange fire with the Borg. We never see more than a few Federation starships on the TV. Is this the entire Battle of Wolfe 359?
We see the Enterprise-D pull up alongside a bunch of derelict starships, obviously casualties of the Borg counter-attack. Is this the remains of the Battle of Wolfe 359?
Why must we accept that a battle between a Borg ship and a fleet of highly mobile, warp-capable Federation starships had to all take place at once, in one location? If Admiral Hansen was ordering withdrawal and regrouping in front of Riker during the teleconference, there's nothing to preclude the possibility Hansen had already done that before. It is entirely possible that the Battle of Wolfe 359 was actually a series of engagements involving at least 40 starships, with direct engagements taking place along the Borg ship's path. We only saw a handful of starships directly engage in "The Emissary". It's entirely possible the Saratoga was destroyed at the site of the first skirmish, with others to follow along the Borg's course.
I agree with others that it is possible that the Borg ship did suffer damage. This may have slowed the Collective's progress between skirmishes. If the Borg succeeded in stopping the first wave (Saratoga among them) and Hansen ordered a withdrawal and regrouping a light-day down the line, he could've been doing that because more ships were arriving (possibly more Federation ships, or even the Klingons) and he would've had a stronger force for the next volley. But with the Borg, this would be a terrible mistake. It would give them time to analyze the last attack, the tactics used, and adapt their defenses for the next engagement. Most importantly, it would also give the Borg time to regenerate and improve if necessary, making them even more dangerous at each succeeding engagement.
If the Battle of Wolfe 359 took place over the span of several light-years, with 39 ships destroyed (at least) after several skirmishes, it is possible that at least 40 starships were involved, and possibly many other support ships watching nearby, ready to assist any damaged ships left behind. The Borg likely never deviated from their planned course, or not by much.
There is nothing in "The Best of Both Worlds, Part II" or "The Emissary" to absolutely establish that all 39 starships were KIA'd in one static place. Data never confirmed the number of ships in the debris field. If the battle was a series of skirmishes along the Borg's planned flight path, it is entirely possible the Borg left the scene of each succeeding skirmish after disabling/destroying each attack force, and support ships closed in from behind to rescue survivors after the Borg continued to move forward.