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How to define Science Fiction

The problem with trying to come up with some sort of restrictive, ivory tower definition of sf is that, invariably, it will bear no resemblance to how the term is actually used in the real world. Any definition of science fiction that excludes STAR WARS, for instance, is only going to make sense to purists.

This is absolutely true, and succinctly put.

I've always liked Vonnegut's essay on the subject, though his specific remarks about sf magazines (and brown suits) are quite dated now:

Years ago I was working in Schenectady for General Electric, completely surrounded by machines and ideas for machines, so I wrote a novel about people and machines, and machines frequently got the best of it, as machines will. (It was called Player Piano, and it's coming out in hard covers again next spring.) And I learned from the reviewers that I was a science-fiction writer.

I didn't know that. I supposed that I was writing a novel about life, about things I could not avoid seeing and hearing in Schenectady, a very real town, awkwardly set in the gruesome now. I have been a sore-headed occupant of a file-drawer labeled ''science- fiction'' ever since, and I would like out, particularly since so many serious critics regularly mistake the drawer for a tall white fixture in a comfort station.

The way a person gets into this drawer, apparently, is to notice technology.The feeling persists that no one can simultaneously be a respectable writer and understand how a refrigerator works, just as no gentleman wears a brown suit in the city. Colleges may be to blame. English majors are encouraged, I know, to hate chemistry and physics, and to be proud because they are not dull and creepy and humorless and war-oriented like the engineers across the quad. And, because English majors can scarcely sign their own names at the end of a course of English instruction, many become serious critics. I have already said what they then do to the drawer I'm in.

But there are those who love life in this fulsome drawer, who are alarmed by the thought that they might some day be evicted, might some day be known for what they really are: plain, old, short-story writers and novelists who mention the fruits of engineering and research. They are happy in the drawer because most of the people in it love each other as members of old-fashioned families are supposed to do. They meet often, comfort and praise one another, exchange single-spaced letters of 20 pages and more, booze it up affectionately and one way or another have a million heart-throbs and laughs.

I have run with them some, and they are generous and amusing souls, but I must now make a true statement that will put them through the roof: They are joiners. They are a lodge. If they didn't enjoy having a gang of their own so much, there would be no such category as science-fiction. They love to stay up all night, arguing the question, "What is science-fiction?" One might as usefully inquire, ''What are the Elks? And what is the Order of the Eastern Star?''

Well--it would be a drab world without meaningless social aggregations. There would be a lot fewer smiles, and about one-hundredth as many publications. And there is this to be said for the science-fiction publications: If somebody can write just a little bit, they will probably publish him. In the Golden Age of Magazines, which wasn't so long ago, inexcusable trash was in such great demand that it led to the invention of the electric typewriter, and incidentally financed my escape from Schenectady. Happy days! But there is now only one sort of magazine to which a maundering sophomore may apply for instant recognition as a writer. Guess what sort.
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Boomers of science fiction might reply, ''Ha! Orwell and Ellison and Flaubert and Kafka are science fiction writers, too!'' They often say things like that. Some are crazy enough to try to capture even Tolstoy. It is as though I were to claim that everybody of note belonged fundamentally to Delta Upsilon, my own lodge, incidentally, whether he knew it or not. Kafka would have been desperately unhappy D.U.

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No. It doesn't.

Yes, it does. Simple denial of reality does not constitute an argument. Then again, it's all you have to go on, since you're trying to blame TPM for something established in a prior film.

TPM is the dork in the room. We get it.

That doesn't mean it's responsible for anything that has ever annoyed you.
 
Yes, it does. Simple denial of reality does not constitute an argument.

Why am I arguing with some dude who thinks Star Wars is "reality"?

And again, (read this slowly for full effect) I LIKE TPM! Get it?

I even like Jar Jar.

I hate midichlorians. Didn't need it, didn't add anything, was stupid, IMO.
 
Yet people still talk about them. Even you, when you insist on little outbursts like the above, perpetuate the conversation, Dennis. Congratulations.
 
The problem with trying to come up with some sort of restrictive, ivory tower definition of sf is that, invariably, it will bear no resemblance to how the term is actually used in the real world. Any definition of science fiction that excludes STAR WARS, for instance, is only going to make sense to purists.

And what does it matter anyway? Science fiction, fantasy, horror . . . they all overlap so much that there's really no point in trying to keep everything in neat little categories.

Plus, to be honest, these "definitions" are often just ways to assert that science fiction is somehow intellectually superior to fantasy and horror . . .

Or spy thrillers or westerns, for that matter!


It is intellectual snobbery precisely that drives such urges to be persnickety about the definition of science fiction.

To find out what is good and proper "science fiction", and sneer at the rest.

I think our beloved genre probably has more than the average number of afficianados who want to indulge in such exercises.
 
Science Fiction is the extrapolation of science or applied science and its effect on an individual or society. Both words have equal weight.

Most of the stuff that is thought of as Science Fiction, especially in TV and movies, are not Science Fiction. Flash Gordon and Star Trek and Star Wars are all Space Opera. It's almost understandable that the common people would think of stuff like that as SF, since they only see the trappings; what really blows my mind is when people think that things like Buffy are SF.

Words have meanings. I don't understand why some people are so afraid to define things. Definitions have no reflection on quality. Just because Ray Bradbury wrote Fantasy as well as Science Fiction (not to mention Science Fantasy) doesn't mean he's not one of our greatest writers.


Because, in the real world, communication means talking to "the common people" and not just a small minority of purists with their own specialized definitions and agendas?

And the problem, of course, is that too often these definitions are used to bash space operas or whatever in order to enforce some meaningless standard of genre purity.

("Damnit, that's not real science fiction!")
 
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Words have meanings. I don't understand why some people are so afraid to define things.

Not all words have the simple meanings you would like - given the number of science fiction writers who disagree with and contradict that pat definition that you're so fond of, we'll just have to mark this down as an other-than-authoritative opinion. :cool:
 
Science Fiction is the extrapolation of science or applied science and its effect on an individual or society. Both words have equal weight.

Most of the stuff that is thought of as Science Fiction, especially in TV and movies, are not Science Fiction. Flash Gordon and Star Trek and Star Wars are all Space Opera. It's almost understandable that the common people would think of stuff like that as SF, since they only see the trappings; what really blows my mind is when people think that things like Buffy are SF.

Words have meanings. I don't understand why some people are so afraid to define things. Definitions have no reflection on quality. Just because Ray Bradbury wrote Fantasy as well as Science Fiction (not to mention Science Fantasy) doesn't mean he's not one of our greatest writers.


Because, in the real world, communication means talking to "the common people" and not just a small minority of purists with their own specialized definitions and agendas?
No, I think it's probably more about insecurity and conformity. It's the purists in their field, whether they are geologists or programmres or the literati or whatever, who (should) know the proper terminology. The lowest common denominator doesn't decide. If the "common people" think that Creationism is a science, the 21st century started in the year 2000 or that Alanis Morrisette knows what irony is, they are still wrong whether you decide to go along with them or not.

And the problem, of course, is that too often these definitions are used to bash space operas or whatever in order to enforce some meaningless standard of genre purity.

("Damnit, that's not real science fiction!")
Probably, but who cares? The thing itself doesn't change if you describe it accurately. And many people use the term Science Fiction as a denigrating label as it is-- if we're going to worry about that, we might as well get rid of it altogether.

Words have meanings. I don't understand why some people are so afraid to define things.

Not all words have the simple meanings you would like - given the number of science fiction writers who disagree with and contradict that pat definition that you're so fond of, we'll just have to mark this down as an other-than-authoritative opinion. :cool:
Argument from authority means nothing to me. I care about substance. But if you need authority figures, then Stanley Schmidt, Isaac Asimov, Theodore Sturgeon, William Campbell, Hugo Gernsback et al are pretty authoritative. ;)
 
The problem with trying to come up with some sort of restrictive, ivory tower definition of sf is that, invariably, it will bear no resemblance to how the term is actually used in the real world. Any definition of science fiction that excludes STAR WARS, for instance, is only going to make sense to purists.
Yeah.

Ask the author what genre they're writing in. Accept that. Seems like the easiest approach, right?

Except in the case of chickenshit TV writers who deny that they're writing sci fi, when clearly they are. But even that, I'll chalk up to unavoidable PR bullshit.
 
The lowest common denominator doesn't decide.
But this is precisely where the Creationism analogy doesn't quite work. Professionals in the field of science have a pretty clear opinion on what creation science is, but your position claimed that hard science fiction alone is science fiction does not seem to be the kind of rigorous definition science fiction writers would agree with.

That one could get them to agree to a definition is another question, I'm sure.

I mostly stick to a post hoc rationalization, as given above. The question for me is not 'what should the word be used for' but 'what is it used for', and by this I do mean by the Hugo/Nebula awards, science fiction writers, fandom, publishers, et cetera et cetera. If it qualifies for the Gollancz Science Fiction Masterworks imprint? It's science fiction. So what can I deduce 'science fiction' means? Stated rather baldly above.
 
Except in the case of chickenshit TV writers who deny that they're writing sci fi, when clearly they are. But even that, I'll chalk up to unavoidable PR bullshit.

That's certainly not a tradition restricted to television writers. See, for example, Margaret Atwood's response to critics who have labeled her work as science fiction.
 
Science Fiction is the extrapolation of science or applied science and its effect on an individual or society. Both words have equal weight.

Most of the stuff that is thought of as Science Fiction, especially in TV and movies, are not Science Fiction. Flash Gordon and Star Trek and Star Wars are all Space Opera. It's almost understandable that the common people would think of stuff like that as SF, since they only see the trappings; what really blows my mind is when people think that things like Buffy are SF.

Words have meanings. I don't understand why some people are so afraid to define things. Definitions have no reflection on quality. Just because Ray Bradbury wrote Fantasy as well as Science Fiction (not to mention Science Fantasy) doesn't mean he's not one of our greatest writers.


Because, in the real world, communication means talking to "the common people" and not just a small minority of purists with their own specialized definitions and agendas?
No, I think it's probably more about insecurity and conformity. It's the purists in their field, whether they are geologists or programmres or the literati or whatever, who (should) know the proper terminology. The lowest common denominator doesn't decide. If the "common people" think that Creationism is a science, the 21st century started in the year 2000 or that Alanis Morrisette knows what irony is, they are still wrong whether you decide to go along with them or not.


Probably, but who cares? The thing itself doesn't change if you describe it accurately. And many people use the term Science Fiction as a denigrating label as it is-- if we're going to worry about that, we might as well get rid of it altogether.

Words have meanings. I don't understand why some people are so afraid to define things.

Not all words have the simple meanings you would like - given the number of science fiction writers who disagree with and contradict that pat definition that you're so fond of, we'll just have to mark this down as an other-than-authoritative opinion. :cool:
Argument from authority means nothing to me. I care about substance. But if you need authority figures, then Stanley Schmidt, Isaac Asimov, Theodore Sturgeon, William Campbell, Hugo Gernsback et al are pretty authoritative. ;)

Your analogies are all wrong. Science Fiction does not exist in the real universe as a natural phenomenon the way biological evolution does. The "purists", as you say, may be the best ones to ask an objective, scientific question, sure. But science fiction is a genre invented by writers, critics, readers, and fans. There is no objective truth about the definition. People invented the term, and so it can be whatever people want it to be. Of course, people do not all agree, and there's the rub. The best writers and critics in the field have been unable to decide on a definition that pleases everyone for decades and decades. Surely you're not going to claim that you've solved a problem that no other critic has been able to solve - ie, come up with a definition that accurately describes the work in the genre. Any definition that does not take into account the evolution of the genre, the changes, the dissimilarities between items in the genre, the subgenres, as well as the occasional revolutionary envelope-breaking exceptions which must be taken into account, is a bad definition. It is bad because it does not accurately reflect a reality in the world. It does not help describe.

The term "science" in "science fiction" has been a point of contention ever since the beginning. Heinlein hated it, for example, and he basically invented much of the science fiction tropes of the twentieth century. He preferred, as many writers and critics currently do, the term "speculative fiction," because they have realized that most of the best science fiction is not and never has been remotely interested in scientific or technological advancements. H. G. Wells was, sure. Arthur C. Clarke was. A lot of the so-called Golden Age guys were, the guys you mention, quite rightly, as good authorities on the genre.

But most of the writers in the 60's and 70's, including some of the best writers the field has ever seen, don't fit into your limiting and unhelpful definition. Ursula K. Leguin, Roger Zelazny, Robert Silverberg, and Harlan Ellison rarely write science fiction that has any inkling of science. For you to blankly state that, therefore, they do not write science fiction is to beg the question (to use one of your logical fallacies.)
 
Oh, writers are the last people qualified to classify their own work. I once did a panel on horror with Theodore Sturgeon, who expressed confusion as to why he was on the panel at all. "I don't write horror," he insisted.

Said the author of "It!", "Bianca's Hands," SOME OF YOUR BLOOD, etcetera . . . .
 
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^^ Heh. Well, a lot of work (and writers) fall into multiple categories, which helps to muddy the waters.

But this is precisely where the Creationism analogy doesn't quite work. Professionals in the field of science have a pretty clear opinion on what creation science is, but your position claimed that hard science fiction alone is science fiction does not seem to be the kind of rigorous definition science fiction writers would agree with.
It's still a matter of the bulk of people not understanding the concept. The word irony is a human concept, too. Many, if not most, people use the word incorrectly; should we change the definition to suit them?

The best writers and critics in the field have been unable to decide on a definition that pleases everyone for decades and decades. Surely you're not going to claim that you've solved a problem that no other critic has been able to solve - ie, come up with a definition that accurately describes the work in the genre. Any definition that does not take into account the evolution of the genre, the changes, the dissimilarities between items in the genre, the subgenres, as well as the occasional revolutionary envelope-breaking exceptions which must be taken into account, is a bad definition. It is bad because it does not accurately reflect a reality in the world. It does not help describe.
But my point is that the term Science Fiction doesn't help to describe if it includes everything from Rendezvous With Rama to Buffy to The Three Stooges (clearly an AU on that last one). If it's that vague and generic, we might as well say "stuff." :D

The term "science" in "science fiction" has been a point of contention ever since the beginning. Heinlein hated it, for example, and he basically invented much of the science fiction tropes of the twentieth century. He preferred, as many writers and critics currently do, the term "speculative fiction," because they have realized that most of the best science fiction is not and never has been remotely interested in scientific or technological advancements. H. G. Wells was, sure. Arthur C. Clarke was. A lot of the so-called Golden Age guys were, the guys you mention, quite rightly, as good authorities on the genre.
Yes, that's exactly what I'm saying. Speculative Fiction is a great term. If something is Science Fiction, it should be called Science Fiction; if something is Speculative Fiction, it should be called Speculative Fiction.

This discussion is sort of the reverse of what happened with the definition of planet, but it's the same in that it's politically motivated rather than logical. They came up with a stupid definition of planet not to be descriptive in any way, but just to keep the numbers down. Similarly, the open-ended definition of Science Fiction is not used to be descriptive but to cover just about everything. I prefer terms that actually describe the thing itself; Science Fiction, Speculative Fiction, Space Opera, Cyberpunk, and so on.
 
It's still a matter of the bulk of people not understanding the concept.
This sentence has zero relevance to what I said.

I pointed out the definition should reflect the word as used by people who use it professionally - in the sense of, well, actual science fiction writers. A definition of a term springs from the use of the term, not the other way around.*

For example, my copy of The Windup Girl, a 2009 biopunk novel that won a Hugo and a Nebula, has the author Paolo Bacigalupi saying the following in an interview:

Paolo Bacigalupi said:
When I say science fiction, I think of classic Foundation, I think of rocket ships. But there's this other tradition of science fiction, which is sort of the stealth version. It's the stuff you see with Aldous Huxley or George Orwell, where you're extrapolating about who are we, where are we going, what our society looks like, and I feel very connected to that strain of science fiction writing.

As one can see he's clearly identifying a preference as a writer for hard science fiction, but he's not framing it in a way that the Foundation books don't count as part of the genre.

Similarly, the open-ended definition of Science Fiction is not used to be descriptive but to cover just about everything. I prefer terms that actually describe the thing itself; Science Fiction, Speculative Fiction, Space Opera, Cyberpunk, and so on.
Exactly. There are many recognized (and often somewhat overlapping) subgenres of science fiction.

*The important thing, of course, is the use of a word. Definitions given - even by professionals - that don't match how the word is used by those same professionals are just not terribly useful, however preferable they may be.
 
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Oh, don't you know - word definitions are handed down by either God or some similarly, reassuringly remote and uncontested authority.
 
Paolo Bacigalupi said:
When I say science fiction, I think of classic Foundation, I think of rocket ships. But there's this other tradition of science fiction, which is sort of the stealth version. It's the stuff you see with Aldous Huxley or George Orwell, where you're extrapolating about who are we, where are we going, what our society looks like, and I feel very connected to that strain of science fiction writing.

As one can see he's clearly identifying a preference as a writer for hard science fiction, but he's not framing it in a way that the Foundation books don't count as part of the genre.
He may perceive different authors as representing different "strains"-- which is fine, no one ever said there can't be multiple flavors of ice cream-- but Foundation, Brave New World and 1984 all fit the definition of Science Fiction. If this quote doesn't support what I said, it certainly doesn't contradict it. He certainly doesn't give any arguments in favor of a more generic definition.
 
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