The three Meyer novels are very much part of my personal canon. Which means, incidentally, that
at least six of Doyle's own stories are not!
I love Meyer's novels so much, in fact, then when I directed a Sherlock Holmes play of my own adaptation in college, I briefed my actors on Meyer's discoveries and told them to consider them authentic for the purposes of their performances.
Nicholas Meyer's wonderful 1974 novel "The Seven-Per-Cent Solution" ventures to describe the moment and circumstances in which Holmes' emotional growth was permanently stunted.
Read it, loved it and saw the movie.
Then you understand why a post-Freudian, post-psychoanalysis, post-sexual revolution Holmes makes no sense (apart from not being able to meet Freud in person!) - Watson very specifically states that medicine hasn't yet figured out a way to cure him of his permanent injury, which to my mind makes him a tragic giant even greater than what Doyle ever intended.
Again, you can invent some new guy and call him Holmes, but it will always be a totally different character.
How much of the Holmes stories are dependent on that "setting and atmosphere"? Been ages since I've read one.
Ones that pop to mind are things like
The Speckled Band and, of course,
The Hound of the Baskervilles. But that's more to do with general spookiness than anything to do with the Victorian era, IMO.
- "A Study in Scarlet" (first-ever Holmes story) - a key character lived part of the early Mormon frontier history
- "The Sign of Four" (second-ever Holmes story) - a key character lived through the Indian Mutiny
- Holmes meets Queen Victoria, and spies for England in the lead-up to WWI.
And, every single story contains elements of society, culture, history and behavior unique to the times.