In the various Trek series, we follow the senior staff of the various ships/stations. They are Officers. "Boot Camp" is for enlisted personnel. And you can rest assured that enlisted personnel in Starfleet go through it. The Navy doesn't have Drill Instructors or Drill Sergeants, is has R.D.Ts (Recruit Division Commanders) Here's a quote:
"As if that's not enough to study in advance, you should also learn that Navy Boot Camp is probably one of the most "classroom-intensive" of the four primary military services"
After basic training, which serves to get you accustomed to the lifestyle change, and teaches you the basics, you go on to your specialized schooling for whatever Navy occupation you chose. Once you've tested and graduated, you move on to your duty station. This whole process can take 6 months to two years, and in rare cases, longer(Depending on what job you go for)
No actually it's not. It's from an alternate timeline. I mentioned this earlier. The only difference of the two timelines is one is peacetime, and one is wartime. A war that the Federation was losing I might add. History was effected 22 years prior which started a war.
A military is not only a military during wartime, when it's on a wartime posture. The organization is the same.
Did you know that military law, which the armed forces of the U.S. are beholden to, changes depending on whether or not it's wartime. Starfleet is the same.