Even if Uhura had locked him in, I'm sure that he would have been let out long before he starved to death. Once Kirk stole the Enterprise, Uhura would have been at the top of Starfleet's list of possible accomplices to round up for interrogation. A security team would have been dispatched to the transporter station, and Mr. Adventure would have been discovered when the security guys swept the building.
Depends on how good Uhura was at covering her tracks. She must have done something to the transporter and/or the computer records to prevent Starfleet from doing things like following her, trying to beam the crew back off the
Enterprise, or otherwise fouling up her plan. Who knows how any of her actions in that regard helped, or hindered, the possibility of Mr. Adventure being rescued.