They're seldom required to do any of the things that a physically cased weapon is required to do
To be sure, there isn't much they are "required" to do overall. In TOS, one "prepares" or "arms" them and then "fires" them, which can be commented on with "torpedo away", after which there's a "hit".
In "The Changeling", though, the preparations seem not to be at odds with the routing of all power to shields, so one would think there's something different there from the process of arming the phasers.
Torpedoes before and after TOS are decidedly physical (and indeed seem to represent a continuous family, similar to the externally almost identical even if internally diverse 21in torpedoes of more than a century of real world naval history). While TOS itself lacks references to casings, the process of loading, or even the existence of tubes, it would seem out of place to think that torpedoes there weren't physical.
On the TOS Enterprise all 6 tubes were all in the forward, ventral area of the primary hull.
When they were fired in "Elaan of Troyius" they were fired from apparently 3 different locations, 2 torpedoes each (one after the other).
To expand slightly on earlier comments, when Kirk fires forward in "Balance of Terror", he specifies torpedoes 2, 4 and 6 (our only source for the idea that there'd be six tubes total, or at least six tubes minimum); when he fires forward in "The Changeling", he specifies torpedo 2. Rather good match for the idea that all the odd-numbered tubes point aft... "Elaan" then dovetails to this idea by showing three apparent points of emergence in a "full spread".
NX-01 had four forward tubes. The TMP refit had two. So I guess three for NCC-1701 before the refit seems acceptable on the aesthetic level... In technobabble terms, this might also speak of the gradually increasing capabilities of an individual tube.
...To be sure, NX-01 really had six forward tubes - four original, two added for photon torpedoes. Close-ups from the early S3 episodes support the existence of the additional tubes; later episodes do away with such finesse, but those shots aren't close-ups, allowing us to go on believing in dedicated forward photon torpedo tubes between "regulars". (Or perhaps dedicated warp tubes between sublight ones?) A dedicated aft (warp?) photon torpedo tube also appears for S3, again without contradicting anything.
Perhaps forward torpedoes (= tubes) 2, 4 and 6 are suited for warp launching (or launching against a warping target, as seen in both the episodes specifying these tube numbers) while 1, 3 and 5 are for sublight?
Timo Saloniemi