The bum pushed the phaser into overload, then shot himself before the explosion
Right. That's the only conclusion that accounts for all the audio and visual cues.
He accidentally put it into overload, then fumbled to try to stop the whining, accidentally vaporizing himself. Makes perfect sense.
I endorse this explanation. No need to speculate that the time travel or the Guardian affected anything if there's no reason to think so. I think it's pretty clear that if you vaporize yourself with a phaser, your hand holding the phaser and the phaser itself are going to be vaporized too.
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