Well, the Voth have apparently had it for thousands of years and it works pretty well for them. And I already pointed out that the Xindi have a transwarpish technique with their subspace vortexes which they apparently are able to navigate to specific destinations at will.
The Transwarp Project was never mentioned in all of TOS or the movies and only got a mention in TFF because Excelsior just happened to be there when Enterprise docked. If Excelsior hadn't been in port at the time we still wouldn't have known anything about it, especially since the transwarp project itself was never mentioned again by anyone after Scotty sabotaged their computer. That the drive didn't work AT ALL is conjecture based on the Star Trek Chronology but there's no real source for it; considering the Enterprise was able to reach all the way to the center of the galaxy in just a matter of hours, it stands to reason the drive was not only successful but was actually compact enough to be retrofitted to a Constitution class too.
The Enterprise traveling to the center of the Galaxy in the fifth movie isn't a good example, since if Starfleet did possess such drives, then Voyager could've been brought home sooner. (I think the best assumption is that the Enterprise-A didn't travel as far as we thought.) Also the fact that the only species known to have successful transwarp drives being cultures far more advanced that the Federation doesn't help the case that the Federation didn't have it. (As I recall, the Xindi's tech wasn't true transwarp.)
(Alternatively, the TOS movies transwarp drive could've been the 24th century normal "warp drive," as Christopher L. Bennett has suggested somewhere. Maybe. Even so, that means that the obscene range that the comics alternate reality Enterprise is still off the table, based on the limitations from VOY.)
As far as the Kelvin timeline comics go, they're full of problems and mistakes, so I don't really see the need to explain this one either beyond: "It's a mistake and non canon, either."