I'm wondering how long it generally took in the show (TOS) to refit a large ship (i.e. Constitution Class, Miranda Class), following a 5-year deployment?
Depends on what you mean by refit.
If you meant the total rebuilding like we saw happen to Enterprise between TOS and TMP, about two and a half years or so (going by on-screen dialogue).
If you mean the kind of refit a ship might get between missions (repair, refurbishment, upgrades of some systems, etc.), no clue. A few months, maybe?
I gather starships in all Star Trek eras tend to be somewhat unique in configuration, as they return home at irregular intervals and thus receive the hottest new things at different times. When Starfleet R&D is less productive, ships get quick upgrades with tried and true equipment, but when lots of innovations are being made, the construction of equipment may drag behind the speed at which new stuff is designed, and there are some lengthy and experimental refits there.
Timo Saloniemi
I gather starships in all Star Trek eras tend to be somewhat unique in configuration, as they return home at irregular intervals and thus receive the hottest new things at different times. When Starfleet R&D is less productive, ships get quick upgrades with tried and true equipment, but when lots of innovations are being made, the construction of equipment may drag behind the speed at which new stuff is designed, and there are some lengthy and experimental refits there.
Timo Saloniemi
Just look at Nimitz class aircraft carriers. By the time the last one in the fleet gets a life cycle upgrade and overhaul, the first one is ready to come back for it's own overhaul. And new stuff is constantly being introduced to whichever ship is in for a life cycle upgrade.
After nearly 25 years of service, the USA’s nuclear aircraft carriers undergo a 3-year maintenance period to refuel their nuclear reactors, upgrade and modernize combat and communication systems, and overhaul the ship’s hull, mechanical and electrical systems. This is the refueling and complex overhaul.
During an American Nimitz Class carrier’s 50 year life span, it has 4 Drydocking Planned Incremental Availabilities and 12 Planned incremental availabilities. It has only one RCOH, however, which is the most significant overhaul the ship receives during its 50-year life span.
We don't know if the ship really was damaged beyond "losing all power". The nature of the power loss was never revealed, and apparently it was reversible for the installations around Earth (because the lights came back on as soon as the Whale Probe left). Perhaps the Yorktown was in pristine condition, only with five hundred corpses aboard because the ship had been completely without power for a day? Ripe for some redecorating and renaming to scare away the ghosts...
Timo Saloniemi
Mysterion's point is well-made... the fact is, ST-TMP was guilty of mis-using a word. The Enterprise in TMP was not "refit" from the TOS ship, nor even "uprated" from the TOS ship. It was, for all practical purposes, a total ground-up new-build ship.
Apparently, 23rd-century Federation politics are much like today's politics... where meaningful words get corrupted by politicians to mean something utterly unrelated to what the words really mean.
My own standpoint - the Federation had signed a treaty allowing only a certain number of new-build vessels per year, or a certain number of any particular rating (heavy cruiser, etc). They needed dramatically-improved ships, but were limited from creating them by treaty stipulations. So, they CHEATED... calling the TMP ship a "refit version" of the original ship when it was, quite literally, an all-new vessel unrelated except in terms of general configuration to the original ship. I'm sure that they kept some small core components... maybe a stanchion in the lower "fusebox" compartment?... to justify that it was "the same ship, just refit" under the terms of the treaty. And they may have melted down the existing plating, reforged it, etc, to make the new plating... to meet some "re-use" requirement under treaty.
But it was NOT a refit (which basically means "fix damage and replenish supplies and stores") and it was not even an "uprating" (which means keep the ship largely as before but install some new equipment... which could mean new sensors, new engines, etc, but leaving the hull essentially unaltered). No, this was a near-total rebuild. But I'm sure that the Klingons would have raised a treaty-violation stink if they'd called it that. (On the other hand, I'm sure that the Klingons were hard at work rebuilding older D-7A TOS-style battlecruisers into D-7M TMP-style battlecruisers, under the same "refit" nomenclature, so....)
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