In what third season episodes is the Federation not the Enterprise's controlling authority?
We can start with Spectre Of The Gun, where the Federation is specifically referred to as a "Alliance."
Then there is The Paradise Syndrome, Spock's Brain, The Empath, For The World Is Hollow, Plato's Stepchildren, That Which Survives, All Our Yesterdays and Turnabout Intruder.
In these episodes either there is no authority given, or the only authority is "Starfleet." And incidentally, it's never called the Federation Starfleet.
The Enterprise is only ever referred to as a United Earth ship in episodes produced before "Arena" introduced the Federation.
The Federation was introduce in A Taste of Armageddon, Arena introduced us to the "Earth observation outpost on Cestus Three." A Taste of Armageddon established that a half century after the Federation came into existence, the USS Valiant's mission was a Earth expedition.
And in the last episode of the second season, Kirk said the Enterprise was from Earth, he did not say "... planets actually, the Federation."
Wouldn't it be even simpler still to substitute "Starfleet" for "Federation," during Kirk's court scene in TVH, then you're only doing it twice in a single scene. See how much easier that would be.
Kirk stole and destroyed Starfleet property ... better.
Out-universe, there is the fact that the writers have occasionally confused/combined the Federation and Starfleet into one whole. "The Federation is a peacekeeping and humanitarian armada," is one example.
The twentieth century pilot, Captain Christopher, was a potential adversary?
Yet in over seven hundred hours of Star Trek, somehow the Federation is never once directly referred to as a "sovereign state." But on one occasion it is directly called an alliance.
Yes they do.
The vast majority of episodes do not bring it up Federation governance, one way or the other. Most episodes speak of the Federation as a place, or an ideal. When Janeway speaks of "getting back to the Federation," do you somehow think she is referring to a government? She talking about a place. Many of the times Picard speaks of the Federation, it's obvious he's means a collection of concepts and ideals. Sisko and other fought during the Dominion War to protect the Federation as a "container." It held their families and home worlds.
I was actual referring to a different movie there, in a hypothetical situation.
Sci, do you realize just how few references you hang your Federation is a sovereign state hypothesis on? One reference in TVH, one in Homefront and a small number of others spread thinly through the various series.
I was going through season one of Next Generation recently, let's see how often the United Federation of Planets is specifically spoken of as a "sovereign state."
In Encounter At Farpoint, Starfleet was the only authority mention. When Q told the Captain of the Flagship of the Federation to go home, it was very obvious Q meant back to Earth, and not "back to the Federation."
Q: Thou art directed to return to thine own solar system immediately.
Picard: Our only other option is to tuck tail between our legs and return to Earth as they demand.
Picard receives his orders and directions from Starfleet. In Code of Honour medicine is require on "Federation planet Styris Four." But Captain Picard refers to his ship as the Starfleet vessel Enterprise.
The Last Outpost, Picard demands the Ferengi to return the stolen energy converter "in the name of the United Federation of Planets," but the converter is never referred to as Federation property, nor Gamma Tauri Four as a Federation planet. They could have been chasing it down out of treaty obligations, like in Haven when they intercepted the plague ship.
Hide & Q has a Federation colony, but episodes before and after have Earth colonies. The Enterprise in Justice had just set up a Earth colony, Earth had been a member of the Federation for two centuries at this point, if the Federation in a sovereign federal state, shouldn't all the colonies be "Federation" colonies. Strnad (in Haven) wasn't a Federation colony of Humans, it was a "Earth" colony.
Angel One does have a Federation freighter, which is named for a Norse god, and has a Human captain. Again, Starfleet is the Enterprise's spoken of authority, and it is Starfleet that wishes Angel One to one day become part of the Federation.
Too Short A Season has a Federation Ambassador (Hawkins). But we've seen where member world's ambassadors are occasionally employed as Federation ambassadors (Sarek).
Home Soil, the Enterprise is asked by the Federation to visit a group of terraformers. The Federation would not have to be a sovereign state to have a Terraform Command, but could instead be a interstellar organization. The Federation did determine the lifelessness of the planet.
Heart Of Glory mentions a alliance, presumably with the Federation, but not by name.
Symbiosis, Picard speaks of the rules of the United Federation of Planets and the Prime Directive. But then goes on to say "when mankind interferes," not when the Federation interferes.
Conspiracy, out of the over 150 species in the Federation, when three Starfleet admirals are shown on Earth, two are human.
The Neutral Zone does refer to two Federation outposts and more than one Federation starbase. However, there are alliances that do have common miltary bases, like the NATO bases located in Afghanistan, there are many NATO outposts in that country as well. Picard also conjectures that the Romulans want to test themselves against a Federation starship
So while there are references to a Federation, the United Federation of Planets as a authority body is almost surprisingly rarely mentioned. And is not once specifically referred to as a sovereign state.
Going to do season two next.
Again, the problem with that is that Star Trek IV explicitly established that Starfleet starships are Federation property.
And the problem with that is that there are multiple other references that establish that what you are referring to isn't the whole story. You have presented a single statement by a single character, but there are other statements by other characters.
Mendez: But it does name the only Earth ship that ever visited the planet.
Kirk: The Enterprise, commanded by Captain Christopher Pike.
Not a Federation ship.
The point is "proving" that the Federation works in a very specific political landscape, one that favours
"states' rights" ... Vulcans certainly seem to be running their own show.
private property ... Captains Picard and Sisko both had family members with private property.
money exchange ... Jake Sisko ran a business venture with Nog that netted them five strips of Lathuim.
capitalistic ventures ... The Solion wave's inventor (iirc) was delevoping it as a commercial prduct.
aggressive foreign policy ... The Federation appears expansionistic.
individualism over community ... This one is a tougher, a clear example doesn't immediately come to mind.
It's turning Star Trek into Starship Troopers ... I don't know, you read some threads and posts here that argue a pro-fascism Federation, especially in the 24th century. But I feel the show just doesn't back this position up on close examination.