From Memory Alpha, Roberto Orci is reported to have said: "We moved the planet to suit our purposes. The familiarity of the name seemed more important as an Easter egg, than a new name with no importance."
I'd just take it as an homage to "Where No Man Has Gone Before" (where Spock also wanted someone marooned on a planet called Delta Vega) and leave it at that.
There was that Starfleet outpost on the planet...perhaps this was the lithium-cracking station from WNMHGB? There's nothing to indicate that planet doesn't have seasons, after all.![]()
I wouldn't presume it's the same planet as in "Where No Man Has Gone Before." The Delta Vega in that episode was supposed to be near the edge of the galaxy, near the Galactic Barrier -- weeks and weeks and weeks away from the Federation core planets. The Delta Vega of this film was either in the same star system as Vulcan (if we accept Spock's seeing Vulcan destroyed as a literal representation of what happened) or so close that the Enterprise could reach it from Vulcan after being at warp for a short period of time (if we take Spock's seeing Vulcan's destruction as metaphorical). Either way, it's too close to be the same planet.