Seems odd to me that the lowliest cop on the beat in Bumfuck, Iowa would have to be Starfleet.
Why? Replace Starfleet with X. X has to have some value. Why would "Starfleet" be less acceptable as a value to X than something else?
The lowliest cop on the beat in Bumfuckski, Omsk,
did have to be Soviet Army. Nothing wrong as such with having law enforcement be ultimately supervised by the Ministry of Defense rather than the Ministry of Interior; it's not as if the Ministers ever do the beat anyway. The organizational level closest to the beat cop would be pretty much the same in both cases.
We see a civilian security officer in ST III (he takes McCoy into custody at the bar). He identifies himself as "Federation Security" but is not a member of Starfleet and doesn't wear a uniform.
...And then delivers McCoy to a Starfleet gaol where the guards very much do wear Starfleet-marked uniforms, and the place gets rushed by Starfleet troops when our heroes do their jailbreak.
I gather people in San Francisco would be much more worried by being abducted by a civilian-looking shady character than by being beamed away by a Starfleet patrol...
And of course there's the cop on the hoverbike in ST09. It looks like he does wear a uniform, but that's understandable, since he's a patrol officer.
Also, he's the only police officer in all of Star Trek to deal with civilian crime.
Crimes within the UFP have been investigated by Starfeet in all preceding and following Star Trek. But they have also arguably involved Starfleet characters as suspects or victims, or dealt with "space crime" where civilian organizations arguably might lack jurisdiction. The underage ward of a supposed civilian wrecking a car in a Riverside quarry is our first and AFAIK only example of the total absence of such elements in a crime.
Correct. IIRC, Odo is formally a member of the Bajoran Militia.
But whose law, if any, he actually upholds is an open question. We never see Odo being given, much less obeying, direct orders by his supposed Bajoran superiors. Then again, no other sort of superior manages that, either! Odo's formal allegiance is as transient as that pseudo-uniform he fakes.
Isn't Joseph Sisko noticeably perturbed by Starfleet security walking around New Orleans? That implies the existence of civilian, or at least non-Starfleet, law enforcement agencies that are supposed to handle "domestic" affairs.
Or then it implies that law enforcement is unheard of in New Orleans. A civilian police organization might have no presence on the streets in what pretty much alleges to be a post-crime society; having a beat cop visible would put the lie to that, um, lie.
OTOH, when the organization does have to admit to there still being crime to solve, sending armed people in brightly colored uniforms might be the best policy, putting all due emphasis on the fact that this first instance of pickpocketing in 78 years is a national emergency that is being taken extremely seriously.
Timo Saloniemi