I am maintaining that the time elapsed from warp-out to arrival at Vulcan was actually quite a bit longer than what we actually saw on the screen, and that the Narada could have done that damage.
I'm not sure that can be supported based on what's onscreen. For example, the arrival of Kirk and McCoy in sickbay suggests the film actually went backward in time to show that arrival from the turbolift from engineering. Although Kirk's clothes are changed, when we cut back to the bridge, Sulu reports Pike's previous order for max warp has been carried out. Continuity is only broken with the Narada drilling scene, but when we return to the Enterprise, Kirk is still in a sprinting chase with McCoy and Uhura, with dialog indicating they are continuing their previous (lack of?) conversation... Perhaps a few seconds escaped, but more than that seems implausible.
YES, the rest of the fleet was only a few seconds ahead of the Enterprise... I am in no way disputing that. I am simply saying that the time elapsed was longer than what we actually saw on-screen, due to the pacing of the film.
If the fleet is at warp enroute to Vulcan, they cannot be getting attacked by the Narada, so the total elapsed time of the trip to Vulcan is immaterial to whether the Narada could have done all that damage to the Starfleet group, only the lead time matters, i.e.: from the time the other ships had arrived with the Enterprise still on its way, to when the Enterprise dropped out of warp is the only window available for the "battle" to have occurred.