It's more specific than that even. HMS Dreadnought was merely the first battleship to set sail (USS South Carolina was actually the first ship designed as such, but the UK was in a greater hurry and finished first. Winning the gold medal is all about crossing the finish line first.) with all of its main armament of the same calibre (12"). All subsequent battleships stuck to that model and became known as dreadnoughts or dreadnought-type battleships. All dreadnoughts with mixed-armaments became known as pre-dreadnoughts. All dreadnoughts are battleships. Not all battleships are dreadnoughts.
The distinction was largely moot by 1925, which is when the Washington Naval Treaty was signed and all front-line pre-dreadnoughts had been retired, scrapped or converted. By that point, all battleships were dreadnought battleships, so people simply used "battleship" from that point onwards.
The term "dreadnought" is ridiculously anachronistic in any WW2, let alone sci-fi or even modern-day settings.
I always thought it was a terrible name. H.M.S I ain’t scared of Nuffin. It’s amazing it ever caught on, but I suppose it has a certain appeal in certain situations. Corvette is the most amusing one in some ways, since certain generations will automatically think of a car, as opposed to something like the seagoing equivalent of Intrepid class starships, Miranda’s or Nebula. (Which, for some reason end up getting called frigates in video games despite the obvious modular bits and generally sense of speediness.)
The lines are so blurred in real life, they are even more blurred in Trek...all the ships are modular according to mission profile (therefore corvettes or LCS) all of them are fast (corvettes, frigates) all of them have pretty much identical armament (everything is a cruiser...it’s like the Cold War all over again) and everything after excelsior is a big old lump (Dreadnoughts!)
The only outliers are the Intrepid class and the São Paulo class...both of which seem to be LCS or corvettes, going with the military roles, but one of which is heavily armoured and carries above average armament and the other is a nippy little bugger with better engines. I spose we can call Defiant a U-Boat.
It’s all a bit silly....maybe we can call DSC a through-deck cruiser, cos of its massive shuttle bays and generally cobbled together feel, and the fact that one of them conked out sharpish.
Oops...that reminds me, they are all carriers too, because shuttlebays.
DSC is big because she’s got Stamets hippy garden centre drive as well as standard warp drive...there appears to only be two crossfield class in existence too, and the floppy cut out stuff seems to be integral to the shroom drive. I don’t think she’s anything but a testbed made of modular bits..a Daedalus and Connie primary hull with an extra ring, a barely designed link of a secondary hull like the Delta (it’s like they just wrapped its guts in tin and hammered it into a triangle shape) and duct tape some warp nacelles together before giving them the boxy tin treatment too. I am sure the thinking was ‘stealth bomber’ but I don’t think that worked on the Veangance in the KT or any of the STO intel ships too well either tbh.