1. Spock said:V'Ger didn't digitize whole galaxies out of existence, instead it made digital copies at a reduced scale if they fit inside V'Ger.
And V'Ger didn't visit those galaxies either, since it didn't have time to do so.
At an average speed of TOS warp seven - the fastest speed reported for V'Ger, V'Ger could travel about 102,900 to 137,200 light years in 300 to 400 Earth years. The far side of the galaxy should be about 26,000 to 76,000 or even up to 226,000 light years from Earth, depending on how you measure it, so V'Ger could not have had time to do much zig-zaging as it traveled back to Earth. So V'Ger's data about distant galaxies would come from studying them with the super advanced telescopes that the machine planet no doubt equipped V'Ger with.
I have successfully penetrated the next chamber of the alien's Interior, and I am witnessing some sort of dimensional image which I believe to be a representation of V'Ger's home planet. I am passing through a connecting tunnel. Apparently a kind of plasma-energy conduit. Possibly a field coil for gigantic imaging systems. Curious. I am seeing images of planets, moons, stars, whole galaxies all stored in here, recorded. It could be a record of V'Ger's entire journey. But who, or what, are we dealing with? The Epsilon Nine station, stored here with every detail. Captain, I am now quite convinced that all of this is V'Ger. That we are inside a living machine. Ilia. The sensor ...must contain some special meaning. I must try to mind-meld with it. Aaaaarhh.
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Spock thought it could be a record of V'ger's entire journey.
2. Kirk's notion that that Voyager 6 fell into a machine planet on the far side of the galaxy was based on nothing.* But assuming that it's true, there's no reason why V'ger couldn't have gone off to travel through the universe until it thought it had amassed enough knowledge to report back to Earth about. As for your supposition that there wasn't enough time, see TNG "Where No One Has Gone Before." A few modifications keyed into the warp drive, and the starship is traveling faster than anyone thought theoretically possible. There's no reason to suppose that V'ger doesn't know how to circumvent the universe. Kirk, Spock, and McCoy even agreed that V'ger had learned all that was learnable within this universe. If that's literally so, then more likely than not V'ger also visited other galaxies.
3. Images were being projected inside the chamber that Spock had penetrated with his thruster suit. He even said so in the passage that I underlined. The idea of reduced scale is ludicrous, since everything Spock saw was just an image in the first place. Clearly at least some of the things he saw were images of things that we know had been destroyed in V'ger's scanning process. There's no reason to suppose that some things had been destroyed to be stored there, but others hadn't.
Ergo, the simplest explanation for what Spock was looking at in the image chamber is everything he saw had been scanned by V'ger, had been destroyed in the scanning process, and had been things that V'ger had encountered on its journey from the machine planet around the universe back to Earth. At some point on that journey it learned all that there was to know, at least as far as it could comprehend.
* - edited to add - Though maybe at some point scientists figured out where the black hole led at that time, and that was a detail that Kirk happened to remember. It's worth noting that V'ger had an image of the machine planet in the image chamber as well, which would imply that one of the very first things V'ger did after the machine planet had upgraded it from Voyager 6 was to digitize—and thereby destroy—the machine planet itself.
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