Alternately and maybe, the circle (TMP) or the bar (TWOK) behind the Delta might represent / symbolize a scientific or technical achievement that had a major impact on the UFP?
I had similar thoughts
But I thought a step further, that not just the "background" but the different insignia themselves stood for some "abstract" ideas, ideals or achievements among which Starfleet ultimately decided to exclusively use the delta shape ... whatever it stands for.
