True, but I doubt the writers of VOY had STV in mind when they came up with the concept. Heck the TOS Ent has been to the edge of the Galaxy and beyond a couple of times.
Remember that the galaxy is 3-dimensional. We may be something like 20,000 light-years from the outer perimeter of the disk, but the disk itself is only a couple of thousand light-years thick at most. So the nearest edge of the galaxy is less than a thousand light-years away if you go perpendicular to the plane of the disk. It's nowhere near as distant as the galactic core.
The problem with referencing the destruction of Romulus and disappearance of Spock in 2387 is that it would then intrinsically bind the original universe to the new one, you know, the reality where the nuEnterprise is able to catch up with Nero before he destroys Earth despite the Narada having had a good couple hours headstart, and where undisciplined punks get shot straight from cadet to captain of the Federation flagship. Yes, I'm well aware that past Trek has had its share of oddities, but they were generally far easier to reconcile than the supreme oddness of Abrams' movie.
Oh, hardly. We're just more accustomed to turning a blind eye to them. How do you reconcile how Omega IV could have written the Constitution of the United States and the post-1954 version of the US Pledge of Allegiance thousands of years in the past? Or how Planet 892-IV could not only have a duplicate of the Roman Empire, but actually speak and write 20th-century American English (as a plot point specifically called out in the story)? Or how Miri's planet could be an exact duplicate of Earth? Or how Dr. McCoy could be incapable of recognizing the difference between blindness and a closed nictitating membrane, or how he and Spock could forget that ultraviolet light is part of the EM spectrum? Or how Khan's people on Ceti Alpha V could be twentysomethings after being stranded as adults 15 years earlier? Or how they changed from multiethnic to all-white? Yes, the Abrams movie has its plot holes, but they're nothing compared to the absurdities we've been forgiving in TOS for decades.
The two problems you call out are hardly even the worst problems with the film. One ship catching up to another is easy enough to reconcile; it's likely that once Kirk officially took command, he instituted the proposals he made earlier about working to increase the engines' warp yield, and even so, Nero did reach his destination significantly before the
Enterprise got there. Recall that it took hours at least for the
Narada to drill to Vulcan's core. So what you're pointing out isn't actually a discrepancy at all.
As for the rapid promotion, I don't think that's any more unrealistic than the portrayal of the same command crew being assigned together to the same ship for nearly 30 years running. Or having a command crew consisting of three captains and four commanders on the same ship, as we saw at the end of TVH and in TFF. That's totally preposterous. But we're used to it. We've learned to live with it.
When Diane Duane wrote her Rihannsu novels in the 1980s, her depiction of the Romulan homeworlds and Earth-Romulan history was radically different from how the later TV shows and movies would depict them, yet she still carried on writing her saga even after Nemesis and ENTERPRISE totally contradicted her work - in other words, she just ignored it.
That's not correct. Once the later TV shows took the Romulans in their own direction, there were no more Duane Rihannsu books for a very long time. But then editor John Ordover decided to revive the series with a disclaimer specifically stating that it represented an alternative view of Trek continuity, one that was now known to be "unreal" but was still well-loved and worth continuing because of its literary value. The sort of thing that in comics would be called an "imaginary story."
And yet despite that, the latter-day Rihannsu volumes do include references to ideas from TNG-era Trek, so it's certainly not true that Duane "ignored" what came later.