By the by, getting back to that Canada/Mars Colonies thing for a second. Two mentions of the comparison constitutes grounds for getting on a reader's nerves?
"Getting on my nerves" is a bit strong. It was a minor irritant -- I'm enjoying the book a lot, but minor things stick out in a book that's otherwise excellent.
I just tend to think that in the real world, Canada doesn't get the kind of respect it deserves (say, for the Canadian Forces contingent in Afghanistan, or for Operation Yellow Ribbon), and so when I see a TRW describe Mars as being less powerful and ignored compared to Earth in the same way Canada is to America, it just irritates me slightly, especially since it's my understanding that Canada is likely to become a more powerful country as the next century unfolds in real life.
One thing I got out of the references, though: Mars must've had a heavy Canadian contingent amongst its initial settlement waves. Probably Ontarian-born for the most part. Otherwise, the subject would never have come up at all.
It's certainly
possible that the first Martian colonies had a Canadian contingent, but the comparison to Canada was made in terms of describing the relationship between Mars and Earth as being analogous to that between Canada and the United States.
There was a war for Martian independence mentioned, I believe. I wonder what was supposed to be so evil about the Earth government that compelled Mars to take up arms against it?
The Martian war for independence was depicted as happening about 50 years before
Beaneath the Raptor's Wings, so around 2105 or 2106 or thereabouts.
Articles of the Federation established that United Earth wasn't established until 2130. So the Martian colonies were probably colonies of a pre-Unification state or collection of states on Earth, against whom they fought for independence, not United Earth itself. (Maybe this conflict was one of the reasons the Vulcan government decided to obstruct Earth's expansion into interstellar space before the launch of the NX-01.)
Though, bear in mind that it's entirely possible for a rebellion/revolution to occur and Martian colonists to be fighting for independence without either side being truly "evil."
EDIT:
Removed content in case I was giving a story idea. PM me for a scenario on how Earth and Mars might have come to blows without either side truly being in the wrong.