Torpedoes are illogical, they would not work in the Trekverse.
Ships have tractor beams capable of toeing enormous ships, when torpedoes get fired all the targeted ship needs to do is fire a tractor beam in the direction of the torpedo. The computer could be programmed to do it automatically when a torpedo is detected inbound on sensors.
Torpedoes shouldn't even be capable of reaching an enemy ship.
Tractor beams are area devices, and even given that, it's difficult to lock onto a target. We've seen evidence of that on-screen... and it's also something which has been very effectively modeled in various "Trek combat" type games.
I'm sure that if you were able to get a "tractor beam lock" onto a torpedo, you'd have defeated it... until it either self-destructed or you destroyed it yourself.
But how often have we heard how difficult it is to "get a lock" (weapons, transporter, or tractor beam) on a small, evasive, fast-moving object?
I actually think that an ACTIVE defense... say, a "deflector wave" projected towards the projectile to fool it into thinking it's just impacted... is a better defense against a torpedo.
The trick isn't to capture it, it's to detonate it at a safe distance. Tractor beams aren't the best tool to do that, I think.
Also, and please correct me if I'm wrong, but I don't think a tractor beam can be used through shields. Deactivating an all round defence, and thus leaving oneself open to further attacks, in order to stop one torpedo seems a little short sighted.
We have at least one canonical example of what you're talking about. The Enterprise had to drop its tractor beam on the Constellation when the Doomsday machine showed up. I'm sure that there are other examples, but that's the only one which immediately comes to mind.
I have vague recollection of TNG, where they were able to do this, but only by expanding their shields to encompass both vessels (no idea which episode that was, though). Of course, in this case, the shields were much reduced in effectiveness.
More to the point, starships already have a defensive measure that allows them to deflect incoming fire in much the same way that a specialized tractor beam does. Its called a DEFLECTOR SHIELD!
To be fair, we never really see the deflector shield deflect anything, really. I know how cost-prohibitive it would be to show tiny rocks and particles and space dust being shoved out of the way every single time they hit 1/4th impulse (nevermind warp), but even around large wreckage and fair-sized asteroids, the deflectors never really push them. Sometimes the hero ship even has to maneuver out of the way!
To be entirely accurate (at least through TOS and TMP eras, and I'd argue continuing through the TNG era, though it's less clear by that point), you have two SEPARATE defensive systems there.
A number of times, you'll hear commands to "raise screens and shields." In TMP, they explicitly refer to "forcefields" as well as "deflectors."
The general treatment was that you had "shields" which were a close-fitting "second skin" forcefield... effectively an additional layer of hull made up of energy. And, INDEPENDENT FROM THAT, you had "deflector screens" which form a generally ovoid shape at a significant distance from the hull. These two systems do different things.
The deflectors, or screens, literally deflect incoming targets. They're a gravity-based system which acts sort of like a prism... imagine it being like trying to see the bottom of a swimming pool when viewing it from a shallow angle. The view you SEE isn't the REAL view... the light has been "deflected" in a similar sort of sense. This is what they do to protect again real physical objects... they steer them away from the target, making a "miss" much more likely. They also DIFFUSE incoming fire... so a beam weapon which might be concentrated in a 1mm^2 "needle point" will be spread out to cover a 1km^2 area... with some energy missing entirely and the rest being much more evenly distributed (and thus less capable of damaging any particular point).
Whatever makes it through the deflectors hits the shields... and if it makes it through that energy-based outer layer of hull, it then strikes the physical hull plating.
Just sayin... the term "deflector shields" isn't a TOS/TMP-era invention at all. And if you read the TNG tech manual, this is still in-place by that point, though it was often ignored onscreen.