Ok, from what I learned of space travel from other movies regarding time travel is that if you alter the events of the past, the future will change as well.
There isn't any consistent single rule to time travel even within
Star Trek, much less for "all movies and TV." I'm happy when a story can have rules and stick to them without either being inconsistent or doing the ENT dodge and never actually telling us what the rules are.
Star Trek has usually, but not always, implied a single-timeline philosophy - change the past and you change the future - but for
Trek XI, we were basically informed by the writers (via the characters' preternatural knowledge of the "rules" of time travel) that this rule does not apply, and Spock & Nero's actions have created* an alternate timeline, which is the same as an alternate universe.
The old timeline/universe still exists and theoretically Spock (or anyone) could go visit it, and find it utterly different from the one he now inhabits (apparently for good) and unchanged by anything that happens in this film. All the TNG/DS9/VOY stuff will still happen on schedule, with no deviations from what we see on our DVD collections. Future movies and TV series won't deal with that universe but we've already seen that universe so why bother anyway?
This explains how two Spocks can exist in the same cosmos without, I dunno, the universe exploding or something. The two Spocks are actually two distinct people. Young Spock is already different from Old Spock, who never endured the trauma of his mother - and Vulcan's - violent demises. Kirk, and for some reason, Uhura, are even more different from the parallel characters of the old universe.
*Just to be really picky, it's not clear whether the new timeline was created, or whether it always existed and Spock & Nero just happened to journey into a pre-existing universe which, without their presence, might have evolved more similarly to the one we're already familiar with.
Seems far fetched that the appearance of the Narada would spontaneously create a duplicate universe and then take it from there.
It's less far fetched that the putting-a-scrambled-egg-back-in-its-shell philosophy behind the dominant theory of time travel used in
Star Trek - that you can screw with the past and then restore the timeline precisely to what it used to be, down to the last subatomic particle.
Then that would mean that we would constantly be splitting and our consciousness would be randomly passing through the split universes and the same with our other split selves who think they're the original....
Then opt for the theory that nothing "split" and that there are already an infinite number of universes, many of which seem almost identical, except maybe for one subatomic particle in the wrong place. Nero and Spock journeyed to one of these dopplganger universes and made substantial changes. And maybe there were other differences anyway. Why should Nero and Spock's actions have changed Uhura so distinctly? I could come up with reasons why their actions might be responsible, but that kind of explanation isn't stricly necessary.