I'm taking a stab at creating a comparative timeline for the movie and the Star Trek Prime universe. I'm listing the date, then what happened in the Prime universe. Then the movie universe in italics. Then an attempt at an explanation for the difference.
DISCLAIMER: This is based on my math and supposition and I'm doing a lot of it from memory, so I'd LOVE feedback, corrections, etc. I don't own the Star Trek Chronology or anything but I think this is consistent with what is mentioned on screen in the series.
Okay, here we go.
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2232
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock born.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock born.
2233
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk born.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk born. Nero arrives in the past and destroys the USS Kelvin, killing Kirk’s father.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Direct intervention by Nero.
c. 2243
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk survives Tarsus IV massacre by Kodos the Executioner. (“Conscience of the King”)
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk destroys his stepdad’s car. Spock fights bullies.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Since George Kirk is dead Kirk grows up in Iowa and never lives on Tarsus IV.
2250
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock enters Starfleet Academy.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock enters Starfleet Academy.
2251
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk enters Starfleet Academy.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk graduates from high school with high aptitude but stays in Iowa.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Spock Prime says Kirk’s father was his inspiration for joining Starfleet in the prime timeline. Kirk never knew his father in the movie timeline.
2254
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock graduates from Starfleet Academy. Spock begins serving with Captain Pike (based on the duration of his service with Pike from “The Menagerie”). Pike takes command of the Enterprise. “The Cage” occurs (based on the fact that it is said to have happened 13 years in the past in “The Menagerie.”)
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock graduates from Starfleet Academy and serves as an instructor at Starfleet Academy. He begins a four-year stint programming the Kobayashi Maru test. The events of "The Cage" never occur.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Construction of the Enterprise has not been completed in the movie timeline.
2255
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk graduates from Starfleet Academy. He is assigned to the USS Farragut.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk is convinced to enter Starfleet Academy by Captain Pike. The Enterprise is under construction in Iowa.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Kirk lacked inspiration to join Starfleet Academy due to his father’s death. There is no clear reason for the delay in construction of the Enterprise. It is generally believed (though not canonical) that the Enterprise was constructed in spacedock in the prime timeline. Perhaps Nero’s mysterious attack necessitated greater security in the Federation, requiring the ship to be built on the ground and causing a delay. Perhaps the need to replace the USS Kelvin delayed starship development and construction. In any case, the fact that the Enterprise was completed at least five years later in the movie timeline than in the prime timeline explains the minor design differences.
2257
PRIME TIMELINE: The majority of the Farragut crew, including the captain, are killed by an attacking cloud creature at Tycho IV. Kirk blames himself for not firing on the creature, though it's later proven the ship’s phasers would have had no effect. (“Obsession”)
MOVIE TIMELINE: It is unknown whether these events occurred. If they did, Kirk was not present.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Other than Kirk's absence there may be no discrepancy. The death of such a large portion of the crew may explain why the Farragut is one of the ships at the Earth spacedock in 2258 when Nero attacks Vulcan.
2258
PRIME TIMELINE: No known events. Kirk may be serving on the USS Republic at this time, per “Court Martial.”
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock Prime arrives in the past. Nero attacks and destroys Vulcan but is killed before he can destroy Earth. Kirk takes command of the Enterprise.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Direct intervention by Nero and Spock Prime.
2265
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk takes command of the Enterprise. The five year mission begins. “Where No Man Has Gone Before” presumably happens this year, with the rest of the TOS first season taking place in 2266 and 2267.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Kirk takes command of the Enterprise later because Nero’s attack hasn’t killed a large number of Starfleet officers, disabled Captain Pike and given Kirk a chance to distinguish himself in the Prime Timeline. These events allowed him to advance to command rank more quickly in the movie timeline.
2269
PRIME TIMELINE: Five year mission ends.
2272-2291
PRIME TIMELINE: TOS movies.
2368
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock moves to Romulus to pursue reunification. ("Unification")
MOVIE TIMELINE: Since Spock’s life has been radically different and since Vulcan no longer exists to be reunified with Romulus, Spock likely doesn’t go to Romulus.
2364-2379
PRIME TIMELINE: TNG, DS9, Voyager and Star Trek: Nemesis.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Most of these events probably still occur but they would be altered by the destruction of Vulcan and any subsequent changes.
2387
PRIME TIMELINE: Romulus destroyed by a supernova. Spock and Nero travel back in time. (Based on Spock Prime’s statement that he comes from 129 years in the future.)
MOVIE TIMELINE: These events probably don’t happen. When he’s talking to Captain Pike, Nero seems to suggest that he destroyed the star that caused all the trouble before attacking the Federation but it isn’t totally clear. If the supernova does occur in this timeline, Spock probably doesn’t live on Romulus so it’s unlikely he promises to save the planet.
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Comments, corrections, problems with my BS explanations for discrepancies? Please add your two cents.
DISCLAIMER: This is based on my math and supposition and I'm doing a lot of it from memory, so I'd LOVE feedback, corrections, etc. I don't own the Star Trek Chronology or anything but I think this is consistent with what is mentioned on screen in the series.
Okay, here we go.
---------
2232
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock born.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock born.
2233
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk born.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk born. Nero arrives in the past and destroys the USS Kelvin, killing Kirk’s father.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Direct intervention by Nero.
c. 2243
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk survives Tarsus IV massacre by Kodos the Executioner. (“Conscience of the King”)
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk destroys his stepdad’s car. Spock fights bullies.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Since George Kirk is dead Kirk grows up in Iowa and never lives on Tarsus IV.
2250
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock enters Starfleet Academy.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock enters Starfleet Academy.
2251
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk enters Starfleet Academy.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk graduates from high school with high aptitude but stays in Iowa.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Spock Prime says Kirk’s father was his inspiration for joining Starfleet in the prime timeline. Kirk never knew his father in the movie timeline.
2254
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock graduates from Starfleet Academy. Spock begins serving with Captain Pike (based on the duration of his service with Pike from “The Menagerie”). Pike takes command of the Enterprise. “The Cage” occurs (based on the fact that it is said to have happened 13 years in the past in “The Menagerie.”)
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock graduates from Starfleet Academy and serves as an instructor at Starfleet Academy. He begins a four-year stint programming the Kobayashi Maru test. The events of "The Cage" never occur.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Construction of the Enterprise has not been completed in the movie timeline.
2255
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk graduates from Starfleet Academy. He is assigned to the USS Farragut.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Kirk is convinced to enter Starfleet Academy by Captain Pike. The Enterprise is under construction in Iowa.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Kirk lacked inspiration to join Starfleet Academy due to his father’s death. There is no clear reason for the delay in construction of the Enterprise. It is generally believed (though not canonical) that the Enterprise was constructed in spacedock in the prime timeline. Perhaps Nero’s mysterious attack necessitated greater security in the Federation, requiring the ship to be built on the ground and causing a delay. Perhaps the need to replace the USS Kelvin delayed starship development and construction. In any case, the fact that the Enterprise was completed at least five years later in the movie timeline than in the prime timeline explains the minor design differences.
2257
PRIME TIMELINE: The majority of the Farragut crew, including the captain, are killed by an attacking cloud creature at Tycho IV. Kirk blames himself for not firing on the creature, though it's later proven the ship’s phasers would have had no effect. (“Obsession”)
MOVIE TIMELINE: It is unknown whether these events occurred. If they did, Kirk was not present.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Other than Kirk's absence there may be no discrepancy. The death of such a large portion of the crew may explain why the Farragut is one of the ships at the Earth spacedock in 2258 when Nero attacks Vulcan.
2258
PRIME TIMELINE: No known events. Kirk may be serving on the USS Republic at this time, per “Court Martial.”
MOVIE TIMELINE: Spock Prime arrives in the past. Nero attacks and destroys Vulcan but is killed before he can destroy Earth. Kirk takes command of the Enterprise.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Direct intervention by Nero and Spock Prime.
2265
PRIME TIMELINE: Kirk takes command of the Enterprise. The five year mission begins. “Where No Man Has Gone Before” presumably happens this year, with the rest of the TOS first season taking place in 2266 and 2267.
REASON FOR DISCREPANCY: Kirk takes command of the Enterprise later because Nero’s attack hasn’t killed a large number of Starfleet officers, disabled Captain Pike and given Kirk a chance to distinguish himself in the Prime Timeline. These events allowed him to advance to command rank more quickly in the movie timeline.
2269
PRIME TIMELINE: Five year mission ends.
2272-2291
PRIME TIMELINE: TOS movies.
2368
PRIME TIMELINE: Spock moves to Romulus to pursue reunification. ("Unification")
MOVIE TIMELINE: Since Spock’s life has been radically different and since Vulcan no longer exists to be reunified with Romulus, Spock likely doesn’t go to Romulus.
2364-2379
PRIME TIMELINE: TNG, DS9, Voyager and Star Trek: Nemesis.
MOVIE TIMELINE: Most of these events probably still occur but they would be altered by the destruction of Vulcan and any subsequent changes.
2387
PRIME TIMELINE: Romulus destroyed by a supernova. Spock and Nero travel back in time. (Based on Spock Prime’s statement that he comes from 129 years in the future.)
MOVIE TIMELINE: These events probably don’t happen. When he’s talking to Captain Pike, Nero seems to suggest that he destroyed the star that caused all the trouble before attacking the Federation but it isn’t totally clear. If the supernova does occur in this timeline, Spock probably doesn’t live on Romulus so it’s unlikely he promises to save the planet.
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Comments, corrections, problems with my BS explanations for discrepancies? Please add your two cents.