Star Trek has always shown elements of that are down or less than ideal or glum, so this is not new.
I still don't know how this fits dystopia: an imagined state or society in which there is great suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian or post-apocalyptic. We haven't seen evidence that the Federation as a whole is suffering or enduring great injustice.
So you're saying it's Star Trek?
That's true. And I think that even though most of this
is occurring outside of Fed space, the show may still be suggesting something of a dystopian setting is happening. And it's drawing Starfleet and the Federation in. Stewart and Jerri Ryan have suggested this in interviews. Goldsman is said to implied that the Synths are victims of injustice and exploitation (disposable people).
Things are generally fine. Humans are still post scarcity, the technology, government and social unity is still there, but it is suggesting that something isn't right.
At the very least, the characters have their own personal dystopian thing going on. Just about every main character, (even the minor ones) have been affected by tragedies that are basically all related to the same thing. The Synths or Romulan crises.
The Rikers lost their son because of the Synth ban. Rio saw his captain blow his brains out after killing two innocent Synths. Raffi got fired and became an alcoholic for being associated with Picard, who resigned because of Starfleet refusing to aid the Romulans.
In the older shows, there were imperfect people, Starfleet officers that were villains, etc, but ultimately they were surrounded by a larger, moral Starfleet or heroes that always made sure things turned out right. But now the community is not as surrounding as it could be, and the heroes don't have the power to make everything right like before.
This may be a redemption from dystopia story. To make everything right.
I'm just thinking, based on what I've seen so far though, I wouldn't be surprised if this the direction the producers or studio is going.