KIRK: You said you were going to question Vanna, not torture her.
PLASUS: She's stubborn, and as you yourself pointed out, Captain, the search for your zenite consignment must be short.
KIRK: Surely there are better methods than this.
PLASUS: Physical discomfort is extremely persuasive, Captain.
KIRK: Yes, but I won't stand by while someone is tortured!
PLASUS: Is it preferable to spare Vanna and allow an entire planet to be destroyed?
SPOCK: Violence in reality is quite different from theory, is it not, Madam?
DROXINE: But what else can they understand, Mister Spock?
SPOCK: All the little things you and I understand and expect from life, such as equality, kindness, justice.
PLASUS: Troglytes are not like Stratos-dwellers, Mister Spock. They're a conglomerate of inferior species. The abstract concepts of an intellectual society are beyond their comprehension.
KIRK: The abstract concepts of loyalty and leadership seem clear to Vanna.
PLASUS: A few Troglytes are brought here as retainers. Vanna was one of them, as are the Sentinels. They've received more training than the others.
KIRK: But obviously no more consideration.
PLASUS: I fail to see the purpose of this continued criticism.
KIRK: The only way you'll use that device again is on one of us!
PLASUS: An imposing display of primitive gallantry, gentlemen. You realize, of course, that the Sentinels could remove you?
KIRK: Of course, but Starfleet Command won't take kindly to having either rays or physical force used against one of its command personnel, Mister Advisor.
PLASUS: Why are you so concerned with this Disrupter's well-being?
KIRK: Beyond plain humanitarianism, my orders are to get that zenite.
PLASUS: Then stop interfering, and I'll get it for you.
KIRK: You won't get it through torture!
PLASUS: We will get it for you, and in our own way! Remove the prisoner to confinement quarters. You will return to your ship at once, or I shall contact your Starfleet Command myself, and report your interference with this planet's government.
Why not? They obviously weren't leadership, but I'll concede that they could have been something different
First of all, you were correct that the Sentinels were Troglytes as well, after re-checking I now see that Plasus does mention this.
He also mentions that they and the other "retainers" were "brought" there, as if arbitrarily. And their travel to and from the city was restricted by issued "transport card" as well. So I'm not seeing where the 'option' you mentioned comes in. (Not that I'd expect many would turn down the opportunity under the circumstances, but then, neither would Bajoran "comfort women" during the Cardassian Occupation!)
The only assumption our heroes had is that the zenite would be waiting for them to be pick up, the only reason Kirk became involve at all in the planet's situation was the zenite.
It was explicitly said that the Planet Council had "assured" them the Troglytes had "agreed to" provide the zenite, and it was assumed when it wasn't there that they had "changed their minds," implying an assumption of freedom to do so. They also assumed that the Troglytes were "allowed to share the advantages" their labor provided, and that they were "surely not denied" the "equality, kindness, justice," education,
etc., that were to be "expected" from "a society that prides itself in enlightenment" (as they affirmatively believed Ardana to be at the outset) and which they considered it "unthinkable in an evolved culture" to deprive anyone of.
And yes, zenite was always the immediate concern and the initial purpose of their visit, but "plain humanitarianism" did not go without mention, and even in spite of the urgency of the situation, Kirk seemed unwilling to accept zenite delivered under torture. (Although, it would have been interesting to see whether he'd have actually
refused it, should events have ultimately come to that. But whether or not such principles would have been betrayed out of expedience in the end, they clearly weren't absent from mind.)
Remember from the example of Journey to Babel that the federation council doesn't make the decision whether to admit a new member, the member worlds do. The member governments send delegates to a conference to decide on a admission. The delegates in Journey to Babel had independently positions when it came to that admission, why not when it came to Ardana too?
It would easy to see investigators from different member planets separately sending teams to Ardana to travel the planet, thoroughly studying the Ardanans and their government, economy, culture and society. Interview the citizens (including Troglytes) and reported back to their various governments.
It's unlikely there were any secrets.At the time of Ardana's admittance, what were the federation's principles?
Obviously those principles didn't keep Ardana out.
The Federation Council itself is made up of representatives from the member worlds, as seen in
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. And by the same story you cite, "Journey To Babel" (TOS), at least one principle in play is that "under Federation law, [a member] can be protected, and its wealth administered for the benefit of its people." This is precisely the prospect that
threatened the Tellarites' implied desire to continue exploiting Coridan, and precisely the quality that Kirk and Spock find lacking in Ardana's leadership. I would think the very point of member worlds retaining their own largely-autonomous governance is likely to
further these purposes—
i.e. one member can't individually pillage another's resources for their own benefit, nor gang up with others in the Council and simply have them confiscated for redistribution, with Starfleet being sent out to bully them into surrender, as Vanna initially believed Kirk was there to do—but Ardana (and/or corrupt Federation influences) instead perverted and thwarted them.
In any society, there are undesirable jobs, whether it's mining zenite or scrubbing plasma conduits, or modern day cleaning toilets. And there are people who for their own reasons do these jobs.
One's choice of jobs being pre-determined or restricted based on a ruling segment of society's concepts and constructs of
race is the exact opposite of "for one's own reasons."
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MMoM