I don't see these Klingons as doing anything that Klingons haven't been shown to do before, or Romulans for that matter. The Federation is expanding, and they feel threatened by it. So one charismatic leader is trying to rouse the other Klingon leaders to war. The depict them as having all these ritualistic religious beliefs, but is this any different than the Klingons we know?
One part that annoyed me was how they sort of depicted the Federation basically like a Nato or any US President through the Admiral. He gives the Klingons a rehearsed speech with slogans n all. Uck. The Klingon is listening, then says "and here it comes," when the Admiral then says, "we come in peace." and stuff like "lets open a dialogue, Because when we're talking..." It's really "bonk, bonk on the head" like a lot the dialogue.
And after that, I was utterly bewildered at the sequence of events. I've seen it twice now and still couldn't tell you what or why.
I found the Qaddafi video but I won't post it here. There are a few speeches he made between 2008 and 2011 that are very much like the Klingon leader. And there are other speeches by Arab and Iranian leaders, whom I won't mention that are also strikingly similar to this Klingon guy.
I think that's the closest real world comparison. The Federation is the West, and the Klingon is any of the various leaders that go around making these speeches pleading with their counterparts to stand up against them(the west).
These Klingons(or this one charismatic Klingons) see the Federation as pervasive, hypocritical, expansionist, and a threat to their sovereignty.