Accusations of racism here are kind of disturbing because I'm sure most viewers in real life (and most of the characters on the shows too, but correct me if I'm wrong) who feel that Data or the Doctor should be treated as objects are saying that they don't think or feel; they are NOT saying that it's okay to treat people who DO think and feel as objects. It doesn't make any sense that you should treat someone the same as you because they're different on some fundamental level. Surely, when we say that a White Frenchman should be treated the same as a Black Congolese, it's because they are the same - they both are conscious, both think, feel, and suffer.
People are saying that Data is different, and that he does not think, feel or suffer. We do not treat a laptop the same way we treat a Congolese man, because those two things are fundamentally different. Almost nobody is saying "Even if Data has a mind just like a human, we should be mean to him", which WOULD be a form of bigotry comparable to or analogous with racism, even if not exactly the same thing.
So is Data more like the Congolese man, in which case he would deserve to be treated with the same respect as a sapient human being, or is he more like the laptop (or rather, an extremely sophisticated and advanced version thereof)? I think that the show wants us to accept, on an emotional level, that Data is like a person. They don't actually give any firm, logical evidence of this, so believing that he might just be an approximation of consciousness rather than the real thing surely isn't as bad as being racist.
Now, all that being said, I believe that the mind and consciousness are physical phenomena rooted to the workings of the brain. I also believe that this being the case, it should technically be possible to produce something that qualifies as a mind out of materials other than organic biomatter. I further accept as part of the premise of the show that Dr. Soong has done this very thing and produced a mind via the mysterious positronic brain, whose properties are of course never fully explained on the show. However, if someone else DIDN'T believe any of those things, that wouldn't mean they were a racist. This is especially true if that someone is a fictional character on the show itself, and therefore doesn't know that "Data is the main character so of course we're supposed to accept that he has a bona fide mind; we wouldn't care about him otherwise".