Updated for technology and language, of course, but I figure we're heading toward Aldous Huxley's Brave New World within a 100 years time.
Maybe a few features of it, but nowhere near the whole picture.
Something we seem to be completely unprepared to deal with is the prospect of technology eliminating the vast majority of jobs. About two-thirds of the global economy is composed of "services."
Think about that for a second. Most things that we consider "services" can be automated or will be possible to automate in the coming decades. Consider the following scenario:
1. Joe wants to buy a new toaster.
2. Joe uses a computer terminal in his house to order a toaster from a manufacturer. No human intervention required (other than Joe informing the manufacturer's fulfillment system that he wants a toaster.)
3. The toaster can either be manufactured on-demand (no human intervention required) or pulled from a warehouse (no human intervention required). Robots can basically do all this
today.
4. The toaster is placed in a delivery vehicle. Automated driving technology is still in development but quite possible. So, no human intervention required.
5. The delivery vehicle drives to Joe's house and Joe can either be called out to pick up his toaster from the truck, or a special robot can bring it from the truck to his doorstep. No human intervention required, other than Joe receiving his toaster.
None of that is too fantastical, right? Now, think about how many jobs are eliminated here. No one is needed to receive the order, manufacture the toaster, pack it, load onto the truck, drive the truck to Joe's house. It goes without saying that various technicians are involved in keeping the fulfillment systems, robots, and vehicles in working order--but you need comparatively few of those.
Jobs that do not require any kind of expert decision-making can almost universally be automated for improved efficiency, reliability, consistency, and scalability. We are talking about making the majority of the labor force redundant, and I don't think we're looking at more than 50 years before that happens.
This would represent a fundamental shift in the structure of society. What would result? I really don't know. Pessimistically, I could see mass uprisings of obsoleted workers, draconian population control measures, widespread starvation and poverty. Or, we could witness the greatest boom in leisure time in human history, where only a small fraction of the population actually
needs to work in order to keep the economy functioning, while everyone else lives off of the efficiency gains. This is assuming efficiency and productivity advance to the point where scarcity is a virtual non-issue.
One thing that might prevent all this is a reluctance to replace the lowest-level jobs with machinery. If it remains more cost-effective to employ human beings to sweep floors, pick fruit, and take food orders, then odds are we won't automate those jobs out of existence. But that seems like a losing battle: sooner or later, virtually every technology diminishes in cost to the point where it's cheaper than a human being in the long run, especially if you take the ancillary costs (training, benefits, legal hassles) into account.
At this point, I am convinced that
population will become the defining issue of the 21st century. Combine the continual advancement of technological automation, an aging population, and explosive growth in developing countries, and I think you have a "perfect storm" for massive social upheaval.