17
76, actually.

Although there's some disagreement over whether the United States that existed between the Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Constitution can be said to have been a state or an alliance of states, and whether or not it is therefore actually the same entity as the current United States. But I digress.
Sorry - believe it or not that was a typo.
I believe it -- though it's not like it's a huge deal to make that sort of mistake about another country's founding date. I couldn't tell you off the bat when Canada was confederated or when federation in Australia took place, and until recently I couldn't have told you when the Acts of Union were passed.
Not really. The Federation possesses all of the characteristics of a state: It has its own military in Starfleet, it has a government with an executive (the President) who is commander-in-chief of that military and who conducts foreign relations, it has a legislature with the power to pass legally binding law throughout the Federation, and it has a Supreme Court that is the ultimate arbiter of legal disputes in the UFP.
The EU has all these though - perhaps a better model than the UN.
The European Union is almost certainly a better model than the United Nations. The interesting thing will be to see if the European Union evolves into a much more state-like institution in the next few decades....
I'd say the Feds are at their most UN-like in Journey to Babel. In fact I'd say there is a fairly good argument that Starfleet only became the unified military for everyone at around this time.
Hmm. If we were going by TOS alone, that would actually be a very valid argument. It's almost inevitable that there would have been conflicts within the Federation's first hundred years about the divisions of power between the Federation government and its members' governments. (There were similar conflicts over the division of power between the US federal and state governments during its first century, too -- the Nullification Crisis, Bleeding Kansas, the slavery debates, and the Civil War immediately come to mind.)
It would nicely explain why Kirk refers to the
Enterprise as a United Earth ship in early episodes (and would also explain why the Federation Starfleet has basically the same name as ENT's UE Starfleet). However, later series seem to rather firmly put the founding of the Federation Starfleet in 2161 along with the Federation itself as a separate institution -- TNG's establishing Starfleet Academy as having been founded in 2161, for instance. Still, it's an interesting theory worth pondering. (Perhaps JJ Abrams' upcoming film will shed some light on it?)
For what it's worth, the novel
Articles of the Federation by Keith RA DeCandido establishes that the UE and UFP Starfleets are separate institutions.
But, yeah, the Federation is definitely depicted as being far more UN-like in "Journey to Babel" than in later depictions.
It's probably fair to say that when the Federation was created in early TOS, it was meant to be a UN in space, but later portrayals -- especially in Star Trek VI and DS9 -- have made it pretty clear that the Federation has all of the traits that we associate with a state, traits that the UN, as an intergovernmental organization that lacks sovereignty, does not have.
I sorta concur here - I think that from its creation at the end of ENT through to the end of DS9 the Federation got more and more state like, though I suspect its Federal government still has somewhat less power than the US over internal affairs of member planets.
I agree. One interesting question to consider is, when the Federation was established in 2161, was it meant to be more of a coalition/alliance of sovereign states, was it meant to be a state in its own right (as the name implies), or was it mean to be EU-ish (somewhere in between)? Depictions of the Federation in the TOS films and TNG era seem to depicted it as being rather unambiguously a state, but within the history of ST, perhaps the Federation evolved into a state over time?
It's an interesting question to consider. If I had to guess, I would tend to imagine that the Federation might have been rather like the US under the Constitution -- in other words, the founders of the Federation may have deliberately tried to avoid answering the question of whether the central or member governments would be the ones who hold sovereignty, adopting a "We'll figure it out later" attitude that the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted. (Asked whether sovereignty would belong to the federal or state governments, James Madison rather famously avoided the issue by saying that it belonged to the people of the United States and not to either government....)
Well, see, the United Nations is not an alliance or a federation. It is an intergovernmental organization composed of sovereign states who are members. It has no sovereign power of its own -- its stated purpose is to facilitate cooperation on various international issues, including international law and world peace. Membership is voluntary, and the UN does not have plenary power over its Member States. It can't tax anyone, it doesn't have a dedicated military, and when it makes a decision, it needs the support of the majority of its member governments.
Well membership of the Federation is voluntary, and tax is never mentioned.
Well, membership in the US is voluntary -- joining, anyway. The question is whether or not
continued membership in the Federation is voluntary. Continued membership in the Union is rather famously compulsory in the United States (except, founding father James Madison noted, in the event of a revolution undertaken to secure the people's natural rights from the abuses of a corrupted government). Whereas a United Nations member state can leave the UN unilaterally, since the UN is essentially a voluntary club rather than an actual state.
Taxes are, indeed, never mentioned -- but given that the Federation possesses all of the other traits of a state, I rather imagine that during the pre-end-of-scarcity-coming-with-the-invention-of-the-replicator era, the Federation possessed the power to tax. It certainly possessed the power to regulate many forms of commercial transactions ("Mudd's Women").
Also lets remember the "United Nations" was a name originally given to the victorious military alliance of WW2. It seems to have lost it's teeth over the years.
Yeah -- although it's important to note that the United Nations of World War II was a separate institution from the United Nations established in 1945 (originally called the United Nations Organization, or UNO), although it did come into being as a result of the wartime alliance.
The European Union is a better comparison, but here we enter tricky waters, because the EU is still evolving. The peoples of Europe may well decide one day to allow the European Union to evolve into its own genuine state, but as it stands now, the EU Member States are still "masters of the treaty," and the EU still only has authorities that they delegate to it.
Actually, the EU has a LOT of power that states can only really take back by leaving. The European Court over-rules many others, and its power is a source of great controversy.
As I understand it -- and please correct me if I'm wrong --
de jure, the EU Member States are the ones who extend to the EU its various authorities, and the EU itself cannot assume an authority without the Member States' approval. As I understand it, the Member States could,
de jure, retake those authorities anytime they want, although they would have to act on concert in doing so and it would, therefore, be virtually impossible to affect such a change because of a lack of political will, but not because of any legal barrier. The Member States remain masters of the treaty with ultimate authority that they've legally delegated but retain ownership of if they so choose (though making that choice would be unrealistically difficult).
Even if I'm misunderstanding the situation is wrong, though, the ability to end the EU's authority by leaving the EU unilaterally (without necessitating a revolution undertaken to secure natural rights from an abusive government) is still a major difference between the EU and a genuine state.
And the ultimate test of statehood is possessing a legal right to legitimately use force, and the EU lacks this (as does the UN).
Thr UN has had several wars - Korea was definitely the UN's war, and the Gulf arguably was as well.
Well, sort of. The Korean War was fought in part under the United Nations Flag under United Nations Security Council Resolutions
82 through
85. Those Resolutions
requested that United Nations Member States render military aid to South Korea and that they place their forces under a UN-established Unified Command with the United States being put in overall charge of the Unified Command and designating one of their own officers (United States Army General Douglas MacArthur) as commander-in-chief.
Similarly, the Persian Gulf War was fought by US and allied forces operating under
United Nations Security Council Resolution 678, which, again, requested Member States to provide military support in protecting Saudi Arabia and repelling Iraq from Kuwait.
In other words, for the duration of the Korean and Persian Gulf Wars, the UN established a military alliance of its member states, in the same way that NATO's member states will put their forces under a unified NATO command structure. But that's not the same thing as actually possessing the legal capacity to declare a state of war, a power still reserved by UN Member States (though, of course, the effect is the same -- people shooting each other).
The majority of indicators we have with the Federation its that while its member states retain a great deal of autonomy, they're not truly independent anymore. That's the key difference -- no one talks about Vulcan policy towards the Klingons or Andorian negotiations with the Cardassians.
Except in Journey to Babel - though of course this is the "early" Federation.
True. Something else to consider, is that "Journey to Babel" makes it clear that the various Members of the Federation are damn near ready to go to war with one-another, suggesting that the Federation was on the verge of a civil war. As such, the procedures it operated under with regards to admitting Coridan may not have been what it normally operates under when its society isn't on the verge of self-destruction.