There is no "scene where the Buran gets destroyed".
So there most certainly is no evidence for a different rationale for Lorca's eyes at his first appearance, and every reason to think he was always intended to be light-sensitive by birth and lying about it.
As for Mudd knowing about the Buran incident, it sort of directly follows from the premise. Lorca would make a big deal of it, this being his cover story for many things including his eyes, his curious bouts of amnesia, and his changed personality.
It's also an artifact of this being a Phoney War. Basically nothing happens in that war until Kol distributes cloaks to his faction: 8000 people die in the first day, in the first battle, and then only 2000 more before "Magic to Make". So the Buran would be major news, just like the Graf Spee was major news in early WWII.
Timo Saloniemi