I think the "rudder" line was just a semantical "callback"/term for a maneuver the thrusters do to make the ship move/turn not that the ship has an actual rudder somewhere.
Well, "right standard rudder" is a valid command today for vessels that don't have rudders at all, but rely on Azipods or other alternate steering methods. Anachronisms aren't really objectionable if used in the military context; most real world military terminology consists of ancient words that have lost their original meaning long ago, of needless jargon, or even of deliberate misnomers, after all.
A starship would need to have separate commands for the act of turning clockwise and for the act of sliding to starboard without turning. "Starboard thrusters" couldn't cover both, but it could plausibly refer to the slide without turning; "Right rudder" could the cover the turn. Of course, such commands would only be needed in close range, low relative speed maneuvering; in wide-ranging combat moves, course settings would be the way to go, with things like ship orientation left for the helmsperson to choose.
Why didn't Starfleet send out a ship to pick-up Kirk and co. and tow the BoP?
That jibes rather well with "Amok Time" and the concept of the Federation government trembling at the thought of T'Pau casting an evil look at them. Vulcan is probably quite a bit more equal than others in the UFP internal hierarchy. When Starfleet deals with Vulcan, it doesn't place a call - it sends an "expedition", as referred to in "Court Martial"... And Vulcan might choose not to allow such an expedition to proceed, or to return. It probably wouldn't be difficult for the intellectual puppets of the Federation to yank on their wires and bring the puppeteer tumbling down.
And we never saw the interior of a Klingon ship in TOS.
We did see one in TAS, though, and it was all greens and blues (with a bit of pink for variety, but no marked red elements). A pretty nice match for the interior used in ST3, to be sure - even if the ST3 design and colors were done mainly to get mileage out of maximally simplistic and cheap set elements.
Timo Saloniemi