The translation of the phrase is "Even in Arcadia, there am I". The usual interpretation is that "I" refers to
Death, and "Arcadia" means an utopian land. It would thus be a
memento mori. During Antiquity, many Greeks lived in cities close to the sea, and led an urban life. Only
Arcadians, in the middle of the
Peloponnese, lacked cities, were far from the sea, and led a shepherd life. Thus Arcadia symbolized pure, rural, idyllic life, far from the city.
However Poussin's biographer,
André Félibien, interpreted the phrase to mean that "the person buried in this tomb lived in Arcadia". In other words, that the person too once enjoyed the pleasures of life on earth. This reading was common in the 18th and 19th centuries. For example,
William Hazlitt wrote that Poussin "describes some shepherds wandering out in a morning of the spring, and coming to a tomb with this inscription, 'I also was an Arcadian'."
The former interpretation ("ego" referring to Death) is now generally considered more likely. The vagueness of the phrase is the subject of a famous essay by the
art historian Erwin Panofsky[.] Either way, the sentiment was meant to set up an
ironic contrast between the shadow of death and the usual idle merriment that the
nymphs and swains of ancient Arcadia were thought to embody.
The implications of the title are interesting. There is death, even in an ideal world? Or, alternatively, the dead have shared this world with us?