In the episode "The Conscience of the King," it was revealed that Kirk grew up on the Earth colony Tarsus Four, so maybe that's where the Kelvin was transporting all those people when they diverted to investigate the black hole.The Kelvin carried 800 people, yet the Enterprise only carries 300 and is the flagship... didn't carrying that many people on a vessel not come in until the turn of the century?
Why else would a pregnant woman be on a starship?