It is awesome to think such a question by myself and see later in the internet, that there are different forums where people discuss such things and with quite many knowledge, very interesting and a beautiful way to use the internet. I am from Germany, so excuse my not perfect English.
So, to the interesting question. First I want to take the topic "technology advantage".
I see the advantage of technology between 23rd and 24th century reduced in more esthetic developments. In TOS as also in the Movies XI and XII the weapon technology seems quite the same as it is in Picard's time. Shields, phasers and photon torpedos (except quantum), Warp speed maximum is 9 in TNG and in Star Trek II they after all reach at least 5. A big step is done between 23rd/24th (kirk/picard) and 22nd century (archer), where you see in comparison very primitive technology used, but I think it has more to do with the writers of Star Trek. While TNG was meant to continue the series with more modern dialoges and requisite equipment to the standard of the 90s (because much developement was done in
real 1960s and 1990s television

) the series with Archer's Enterprise was meant to show more technological history of the series, where it comes from and how it developes with the time. The development between 19th century and 20th century for us was also very big, but just becauce industrial revolution started quite 160 years ago. The difference between 800 and 900 a.d. or 1500 and 1600 wouldn't be that big I suppose...Nevertheless it is still very difficult to compare the technology and weapon equipment in star trek. While TOS Enterprise is somewhere exposed to be about 200-300m long with primitive laser shots as weapons (has to do more with television special effects from 60s!!) the same Enterprise in XI is shown as hard battleship, when you look it's firepower to provide the missiles from Nero's ship and it is called to be now about 700m long (??).
The quantum torpedos from E only destroyed the Borg cube because of the help from other ships with other hundres of missles and because of concentrating the firepower to one weak point, NOT because quantum torpedos are quantum torpedos, (and because of the star trek writers

) at least my conclusion. And don't forget, the USS Vengeance is a war ship! Its first aim is to destroy other ships from the same century, not only to be able to fight, but to destroy! She had more developed technology, developed by Khan!! a cunning man who knew exactly about the technology and how to infiltrate and to destroy it (not only to fight it). Even in real life the military has much more technology than we have, maybe for some decades more advantaged technology in use to be superior in conflicts. Next point!
Conclusions taken from movie scenes:
Someone here said, that you can compare more realistically, when you see how the different ships attack same targets. Although many of the following examples of course depend also on the writers of star trek, I want take them as serious and compare them. The Enterprise in XI is shown as quite strong ship, while, as said above, it provides itself from Neros attacks (future technology), gives the crew time to escape and even rams Nero without getting destroyed before.
The same ship gets the hell bitten out
by only 2 drive-bys from the Vengeance!! It has no power for anything after this attack!! It
falls on the planet!!! So you can say Enterprise Kirk vs Enterprise Picard and Vengeance vs Enterprise Picard is a
totally different thing! You see in VII that the Enterprise D is also quite voulnerable without shields after taking some shots from Bird of Prey's Disruptor. E seems to can take more shots in Nemesis and still keeps its fight ability. BUT!!
inside Vengeance!! (not on the surface) 72 photon torpedos detonate and the ship is still manoeuvrable! And still after crashing on the planet it doesn't explode, while someone here wrote that Enterprise D's warpcore broke once a season

hahaa!!
Specifications USS Vengeance vs Enterprise E:
These are the most significant facts that sould lead to the conclusion of the topic. The Vengeance is a battleship, created to destroy, not to fight, ships from its time, with use of more advantaged technology and
specifications. It is called to be 1450m long? I don't know if it is true, but if yes, it could easily RAM the Enterprise D/E and kill it in that way. Remember, twice the length is NOT twice the size!! A white shark at 1,50m weighs about 65kg, at 4m maybe 600kg and at 7m over 2tons!! Twice length, more width and more hight leads to more massive material to hold the chassis (car vs truck, truck is not only longer, but therefore much more massive to hold the chassis). Maybe this is also the reason why the Vengeance has a hole in the hull, so the second section doesn't get involved when the first penetrates a ship.
A big size normally sinks the manoeuvrability, but as you see in the chase at warp speed, the Vengeance closures in very precise steps to attack the old Enterprise. Also when flying around to do the "drive-by" it seems to move very fast and be very manoeuvrable.
The most significant fact for me is, that the Enterprise D/E is built for a crew of many houndred people, and it is a research vessel, of course with huge defense equipment because of the dangers in star trek universe, but still a research vessal. Most space inside this 700m ship is used for rooms, beds, scientific rooms, bars etc. while the Vengeance (1450m) can be flight by just one person and has a crew of 11 (?). So the 1450m are used for many Energy knots, for attack, defense and manoeuver and navigation purposes. I guess you can hit the Vengeance at many points and it would be still at full operation, because she was MEANT to be it, while the Enterprise (all of them) have weak points and work very central. A USS Missouri from 1942 (?, of 44?) would still kill any other ship face to face, and is still one of the fastest (34kn, the newest carriers do something about 37kn). And her hull is still almost unpenetrateable, physic remains the same (I talk face to face without planes and nuclear missiles).
I would give my money for Vengeance. It is still a military secret and you didn't even see much of her, maybe she has more weapons or abilities that weren't shown.