I think the episode highlighted just how unrepentant and unchanged he is by any of these events, which would be a potentially life changing event to any normal person. He would rather risk getting shanked by the prison gang than just give the leader the pills he had in his pocket and didn't need.
What?? He clearly did need the pills he took. He was in great pain without them, and you could see when he took the case out from under his pillow and started gulping down the pills, it wasn't a casual thing; it was something he struggled and failed to resist.
If you're referring to later, when he tossed the pills into the air to start the fight rather than just handing them over to the gang leader, that was something he did in order to get beaten up so that he could be sent to the clinic he'd been barred from and help his patient.
He'd rather risk losing his parole by proving he was right, than just shutting up and minding his own business. If it was because he truly cared about the patient, it might be understandable, but it was really more about him being right than anything.
I don't agree with that. I think the good of his patients matters more to him than he lets on. If he really didn't care about people, he would've gone into physics in the first place. Instead he chose to apply his brilliance to saving lives. And he often goes to desperate lengths to keep his patients from dying, and I think that was definitely the case here. If it had only been about proving himself right, then the patient dying from not getting proper treatment would've achieved that. He made sure the patient got the right diagnosis so he could be saved.