I'd say that once Kodos became Governor, he would be one from the viewpoint of the computer records, and he and his actions would be described accordingly. How he became Governor is not known. We hear of "seizing" and of a "revolution", which might mean Kodos ousted the previous governor with means that don't really stand up to scrutiny but don't exactly stand out as illegal, either. Say, "Step down and let me be appointed in your place by emergency procedure 47, or else I'll kill you. Oh, and never speak of this to anybody." would do the trick nicely enough.
This would not matter if the power was merely a means to an end. Either Kodos wanted to show the world what a splendid leader he was in being able to so cleverly order the killing 4,000 people in order to save another 4,000 - or then he just wanted to kill 4,000 people.how could he possibly expect to retain the unlimited power of a Governor who has declared martial law once the emergency had passed
Obviously, it would be madness no matter how one looks at it. Killing 4,000 is not the correct way of stopping the rest from starving - starvation just plain doesn't work like that. If there's going to be a supply of food arriving at some known timepoint, it's always possible to cut the rations (rather than necks); people can survive with essentially zero food for weeks and in some cases months. The survival odds and timescales in starvation (as opposed to, say, asphyxiation) cannot be calculated accurately, and there's no point in erring on the side of cruelty there. If there's no promise of such a supply arriving, then there's no point in killing anybody, or then it might be a good idea to distribute suicide pills to everybody. So we cannot argue that Kodos would have been a reasonable person at any point of the story. Interpreting him as a devious madman carefully setting up a scenario that allows him to order the execution of thousands for the sheer kicks of it is probably among the more rational ways of reading "Conscience"...
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Timo Saloniemi
We'll have to disagree here Timo. I just don't think the computer, programmed in this data bank by historians, would refer to him as "governor"--a legitimate title--and I don't think he would be recorded as having "invoked martial law" if he hadn't had the authority to do so. He'd have been recorded as "revolutionary who overthrew legitimate governor and imposed unlawful dictatorship." There's also the implication of Spock's statement.
But we agree on the madness of a eugenics-based approach to this particular emergency alright! And your explanation of why he wanted this power is reasonable: it was a means to an end, probably to test his eugenics theories. That would explain how he expected to retain power in the long run--he didn't.
Although--a madman driven to murder 4000 people to test his population genetics theories, essentially a truly mad quasi-scientist, doesn't at all jibe with what we see of Karidian. He's a broken, sad man, but no madman.