The story has it that seeing their sun about to go nova, the people of Sarpeidon used a time portal called the Atavachron to escape into the past of their own world. In the episode we also see that it's used as a penal device to send criminals to inhosptable eras, while those escaping try to fit in as much as possible with their target destinations.
But can you imagine sending 6 billion people into Earth's past. That's bound to have an effect. So it must have been with Sarpeidon. It could be something as 'simple' as a predestination paradox, that the people simply had to come back in time to establish a history which would lead to the invention of a time machine that would eventually send people back in time to establish a history... In fact, Sarpeidon could have a unique history in that the planet may have been colonised by the people from the future, that intelligent life on that planet may just be a quantum abberation.
But what if it isn't a loop but a spiral? We've seen in TNG's Cause and Effect that one iteration in a time loop can differ from the others, so what if each iteration of Sarpeidon's history actually advanced the people further and further down the evolutionary path. The first time, it may have been a lucky scientist who created a time machine, and escaped with a few others into the past. Once there, he changes Sarpeidon's history so technology advances faster and time travel is perfected so that more people can escape in the next loop. Eventually, the number of advanced people escaping into the past alter societal and genetic history to a degree that the process gains momentum.
Within a few iterations, the people of Sarpeidon are advancing from cavemen to Q-Hood in what to observers looks like just a few thousand years. The Enterprise must have visited on one of the earlier iterations.
But can you imagine sending 6 billion people into Earth's past. That's bound to have an effect. So it must have been with Sarpeidon. It could be something as 'simple' as a predestination paradox, that the people simply had to come back in time to establish a history which would lead to the invention of a time machine that would eventually send people back in time to establish a history... In fact, Sarpeidon could have a unique history in that the planet may have been colonised by the people from the future, that intelligent life on that planet may just be a quantum abberation.
But what if it isn't a loop but a spiral? We've seen in TNG's Cause and Effect that one iteration in a time loop can differ from the others, so what if each iteration of Sarpeidon's history actually advanced the people further and further down the evolutionary path. The first time, it may have been a lucky scientist who created a time machine, and escaped with a few others into the past. Once there, he changes Sarpeidon's history so technology advances faster and time travel is perfected so that more people can escape in the next loop. Eventually, the number of advanced people escaping into the past alter societal and genetic history to a degree that the process gains momentum.
Within a few iterations, the people of Sarpeidon are advancing from cavemen to Q-Hood in what to observers looks like just a few thousand years. The Enterprise must have visited on one of the earlier iterations.