According to the TNG episode "Rascals".Except that it was established in TNG it can do just that.
Its hardly world breaking or too powerful, and there can still be some limits.
It was a random "Spatial Anomaly" known as a "Molecular Reversion Field"
According to Memory Alpha, the Transporter interacted with tis MRF Spatial Anomaly:
The molecular reversion field obscured portions of their patterns, in particular the rybo-viroxic-nucleic structure of their DNA, and the transporter re-materialized all four without it.
As for how they solved the de-aging issue:
In 2369 after an unusual transporter accident due to interference from a molecular reversion field, several of the key viroxic sequences of a few USS Enterprise-D crewmembers, including Captain Jean-Luc Picard, Keiko O'Brien, Ensign Ro Laren, and Guinan, were found to be missing. As a result, they emerged from the transporter as younger versions of themselves though all their memories and mental capacities remained those of adults. The accident also reduced a specimen of Draebidium calimus to seedlings. Accelerating the growth of the plants proved effective in returning them to a mature state, though this would not work on humanoids. Eventually, they were helped by artificial re-insertion of the RVN sequences.
NOTE:
RVN has not been identified in real life. At the genetic level, physical development is believed to be rooted in tailoring gene expression according to cell type, subcellular location and time. These processes are in turn coordinated through cellular signaling.
Chock it up random Spatial Anomaly for causing this.
But I definitely wouldn't want to be a guinea pig for reversing the age on the body.
There seems to be no known way to control how far back you age.
I wouldn't want to have some random person test age reversing and turn me into a baby or a fetus.The RVN also was a feature of plants like Draebidium calimus
The accident also reduced a specimen of Draebidium calimus to seedlings.
And the fact that RVN isn't a IRL concept, I'd rather Star Trek avoid using fake medical terminology if possible.
If you want to go down the "Mad Scientist" route of experimenting on living people to reverse their ages for "Immortality".
Be my guest, but I wouldn't want to be responsible if you screw up or you reversed a persons age too far and the body couldn't possibly contain the memories of an adult.
It seems to be "Plot Armor" that allowed the children to retain the memories of their adult selves.
I wouldn't want to be the ones trying to research the MRF (Molecular Reversion Field) Spatial Anomaly.
There's alot of danger involved in doing that.
Imagine what could happen if the MRF inverted for whatever reason and caused the subject to age?
And if you accidentally age a person and kill them?
Then what?
There are WAY too many issues with this line of R&D, it feels like it would fit more into an episode of "FRINGE" where some mad scientists learn of what happened to JLP, Ro Laren, Guinan, & Keiko O'Brien and tried to re-create this tech and for all of it to go wrong.
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